The Cuban Missile Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Cuban Missile Crisis - Research Paper Example At that point, the Civil War was battled so as to verify that America was built up for the opportunity of all paying little mind to race. The greatest and biggest scale commitment that the United States was associated with were World War I and World War II. After the finish of these universes, not many superpowers existed to keep up the world request. Europe had taken the mallet the hardest and endured the most. The two superpowers that were all the while standing was the popularity based United States and the socialist run Soviet Union. Due to the coming of atomic innovation and the advancement of atomic warheads, every nation was solidifying itself attempting to grab hold of predominance. A considerable lot of the little flames which erupted were battled dependent on the arrangement of control that the United States maintained to just as battling a war dependent on intermediary. The absolute most characterizing occasion in United States history, as I would see it, was the Cuban Mis sile Crisis. It was an occasion in which the entire world was watching trusting that armageddon will happen. Shared guaranteed annihilation (MAD) appeared to be unavoidable. The recorded setting was that Cuba was and still is a socialist controlled nation. The United States had attempted to intercede by supporting a specific socialist government in which would be amicable and help out the United States (Batista Dictatorship).

airframe essays

airframe expositions I am keen on airplane, particularly plane motors and structure. I have read for a long time in Japan about flying upkeep at my secondary school and my school which have aeronautical building offices. Obviously, I am studying the avionics support innovation. Airplane are prominently identified with material science. I in this manner picked this book,  gAirframe h. I imagine that an individual who is keen on flight would feel intrigued by this book. I have just learned about some flight elements in Japan. I am in this way going to expound on lift and a slow down, wing ebb and flow, pivot of a plane in flight, and my uncertainty in the book. The book gives a case of a plane bound from Hong Kong to Dallas, TPA 545, which slowed down on its approach to Dallas. The situation was that the plane out of nowhere slipped and went up, at that point it slowed down and went down once more. Be that as it may, the pilots of the plane recouped the airplane⠁fs equalization and height, and the plane made a crisis arrival at Los Angeles air terminal. I will expound on the motivation behind why planes can fly before I expound on a slow down, on the grounds that it is straightforward a slow down when the material science of flight are comprehended. Planes can fly by utilizing lift. Air for the most part streams are both the upper and lower wing⠁fs surfaces. There are contrasts in velocity and pneumatic force between air streaming over the upper side and air streaming under the lower side of a wing. The air streaming over the upper side is quicker than the contrary sides air, and the pneumatic force on upper side is lower than the con trary gaseous tension. The ability to lift up, which is called lift, thusly follows up on the wing, and the wonder is known as Bernoulli⠁fs standard. These are the reasons why planes can fly. A slow down is brought about by shedding of air on a wing. I imagine that there is some chance of any plane slowing down from this marvel. As I would like to think, the plane was fall... <! airframe expositions For obscure reasons, the practically faultless N-22 Norton airplane endures extreme disturbance during TPA flight 545. Because of three fatalities and fifty-six wounds, a winding of examinations, horrendous anxieties, and unpleasant dangers plague the Norton Aircraft Plant. From the main page, the apparently dull plot of Airframe catches the perusers eye. With political difficulty in the plant, a cutoff time for the examination, and bits of gossip about revolt, the novel is loaded up with activity alongside an exact estimation of anticipation. Crichton, one of my preferred creators, designs his books magnificently timing the sections at the apex of the activity. By this strategy for composing, it was hard to quit perusing, which is the mark of a fantastic book. It is one of the most fascinating and interesting books I have ever perused. Like most other Michael Crichton books, it is incredibly specialized, yet, additionally mindfully composed. This mix of plot and portrayal is the thing that makes all of Crichtons books so incredible. The specialized portrayal carries symbolism and authenticity to the novel, while the plots exciting bends in the road help to make tension. The manner in which Crichton composes gives the peruser extremely nitty gritty and distinctive scenes, as found in this irregular statement: Mechanics in Melbourne noticed that the fuel coupling was bowed on the conservative, and the nearby braces locking pin was somewhat harmed. This was idea to have been brought about by ground work force in Java during the past fuel stop. (pg. 149). Just as the composition, the characters were additionally a central point in this novel. In contrast to characters in most different books, these really appeared genuine individuals. Crichton builds up his characters giving them every individual traits, feelings, and characters. Additionally not at all like most different characters, they were not thoroughly great, and then again, they were not completely imperfect. They were human, and that was wha ... <!

UrgentFinance Assignment, Managed Funds Colonial First State Product

UrgentFinance Assignment, Managed Funds Colonial First State Product Urgent:Finance Assignment, Managed Funds: Colonial First State Product Disclosure Statement â€" Essay Example > 15 April 2009Managed Funds: Colonial First State Product Disclosure Statement1) Colonial First State, over the years has become Australia’s leading wealth management groups, with more than 170 billion Australian dollars under management globally. The primary reasons that have propelled the company thus far have been (a) strong investment performance (b) efficient administration (c) value for money (d) award winning service and above all being passionate about what they do. Irrespective of the size of customer investments their financial well being has always been dedicatedly taken care of. Source: Company information: Colonial First State website, Question 1.Some of the products are (i) FirstChoice Investments (ii) FirstRate Saver (iii) FirstChoice Margin Lending (iv) Cash Management Trusts â€" For Investors (v) FirstChoice Personal Super (vi) FirstChoice Employer Super (vii) Rollover Superannuation Fund â€" For existing Colonial First State investors (viii) FirstChoice Pension. Source: Product Education: Colonial First State website, Question 1.2) In a managed fund, money from multiple investors is pooled together. According to the investment objective, this fund is then professionally managed. By pooling money together in this form with other investors one may take advantage of the investing opportunities that otherwise is not accessible to an individual investor. Whenever one invests in a managed fund he/she is allocated a certain number of units based on the unit price prevalent at the time of investing. The units allocated represent the value invested which might rise or fall based on the rise or fall of the market value of the assets in the fund. The diversification that managed funds offer is their primary attraction. If one wanted to invest in shares and only had $ 1000, then in reality one could actually invest in only one company. If this company performs badly then one could lose the entire money. This also applies to property trusts. If inve sted in property trusts, then shopping centers, office complexes etc can be focused on. If deciding to invest in managed funds with a regular savings plan, since each month a fixed amount is contributed, managed funds can be a simple savings method. Investment in a managed fund also gives one the benefit of services of a professional fund manager. Listed ones can be traded on the stock market and have a market value determined by supply and demand. They are valued at least weekly by the fund manager. Source: Guide: Managed funds â€" www. moneymanager. com. au, Question 2.$1000 is the minimum investment that can be made. There is no minimum to the additional contribution one can make to the initial investment. Unless otherwise specified any additional investments will attract the same fee as one’s previous investment. Information is to be furnished as to how the additional investment is to be allocated. $100 is the regular monthly investment plan. On the first business day after 19th of each month, funds are drawn from the investor’s bank account. Subject to minimum account balance requirement, there is no minimum withdrawal amount limit one can make. Cheque or previously nominated banks can be the mode of withdrawals. Requests for withdrawal received prior to 3.00pm (Sydney time) on a New South Wales business day will be processed at the day’s unit price. Within seven working days payment is generally made normally. Withdrawals can be suspended under extraordinary circumstances. $100 is the monthly regular withdrawal plan. On the last business day before the 21st of each month or quarter funds are drawn from the investment and deposited in the nominated bank account. If withdrawals reduce the balance of funds from which one is withdrawing to zero then the regular withdrawal will stay cancelled

Ethics of Workplace Discrimination Essay - 1434 Words

Workplace ethics are standards or codes that determines right and wrong moral behavior in the work environment. Discrimination is defined as â€Å"the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people or things, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex.† (Oxford Dictionary) Workplace discrimination deals with issues such as religion, race, gender, disability, age, and sexual orientation. Covering all of these issues is beyond the scope of this paper, therefore, I will focus on age, gender, and race. Positive workplace ethics should be a part of every company. Employers are required by laws to ensure that employees are treated fairly in the workplace and not discriminated in the workplace. â€Å"One hundred years after the†¦show more content†¦These perceived notions are sometimes related to the age and not the individual’s own ability. Therefore, they are forced to early retirement or reduced schedules. â€Å"Morally, it has been argued, the longer a worker remains with an employer, the greater the loyalty owed to that works by the employer. Under the law, however, the employers are not bound to any such commitment. Rather, the employment-at-will doctrine allows the employer to fire an employee regardless of the length of service without violating the law.† (Gregory 2001) Sex discrimination occurs when someone is treated unfairly in the workplace because of gender. It can occur when it related to hiring, unfair pay based gender, unfair promotions and sexual harassment. ( John M. Grohol, Psy.D) Another form of sex discrimination is sexual harassment. The term â€Å"quid pro quo† harassment is when unfavorable action is taken when a supervisor makes advancement to an employee and the employee does not act on. (Crosby,et al, ( Wetchler) Race discrimination occurs when a person is treated unfairly based on his/her race. The EEOC states, â€Å"Race discrimination involves treating someone (an applicant or employee) unfavorably because he/she is of a certain race or because of personal characteristics associated with race (such as hair texture, skin color, or certain facial features). ColorShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics of Sexual Orientation-Based Discrimination in the Workplace1820 Words   |  8 Pages Tangibly speaking, discrimination occurring on the basis of sexual orientation, while small in aggregate numbers, reaches the same rates as gendered discrimination against women in the workplace, when measured at a per capita rate, and creates a situation in which homosexual and transgendered individuals typically earn 10 or more percent less income than their heterosexual peers (Croteau, 1996). With this, sexual orientation-based discrimination is a significant problem in American society. InRead MoreEssay On Age Discrimination942 Words   |  4 PagesWorkplace Discrimination: It is illegal to discriminate based on race, religion, gender, or national original when hiring or in the workplace. Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) practice is important in every work places. Different Types of Employment Discrimination †¢ Age †¢ Gender †¢ Race †¢ Ethnicity †¢ Skin Color †¢ National Origin †¢ Mental or Physical Disability †¢ Genetic Information †¢ Relationship to someone who may be discriminated against †¢ Pregnancy or Parenthood Age discrimination is a practiceRead MoreWomen vs Walmart1358 Words   |  6 PagesWal-Mart employees filed a massive nationwide sex discrimination class action lawsuit in U. S. District Court against Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (No.: C 01-2252 MJJ). The suit is the largest class action lawsuit ever with well over 1 million participants (Wal-Mart and women, 2012). According to the Huffington post on February 4, 2012 Five hundred female employees in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi and North Carolina filed discrimination charges last week with the Equal EmploymentRead MoreReligious Discrimination And Racial Harassment1450 Words   |  6 PagesCase 1: Religious Discrimination and Racial Harassment Ken Davis May 20, 2016 BUSI 642 Dr. Amy Banta Introduction The Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution sanctioned all 50 States to protect all citizens, by requiring that all citizens are treated according to the Bill of Rights, by protecting â€Å"the inalienable rights of all its citizens† (Fisher, 2013, pg. 3). Although, the inalienable rights of men are projected differently, both fromRead MoreDiscrimination in the Workplace Essay1083 Words   |  5 Pagesthat workplace discrimination is not as common as it is widely thought to be. The survey results showed that most people in this day and age have never experienced discrimination. Out of the ten surveys conducted only one individual from the general public had experienced discrimination in the workplace. To eliminate this sort of behaviour, a no tolerant attitude should be put in place. This would include the laws being tougher in order to discourage employers/employees from discrimination. AnotherRead MoreRacial Discrimination Of The Uni ted States1233 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Racial discrimination is defined as â€Å"when a person is treated less favorably than another person in a similar situation because of their race, color, descent, national or ethnic origin or immigrant status† (Thomas). Racial discrimination in the workplace is a real problem in our world today. Not only is it against the Constitution, but it is morally and ethically wrong. Throughout history, many people have fought for equality among races, and the fact that racism is still an issue inRead MoreBusiness Ethics For Human Resource Management1309 Words   |  6 Pagesimplications of business ethics for human resource management? Explain the potential roles of human resource managers in the ethical conduct of business. By Shehan Perera (100684161) Ethics in HRM suggests the treatment of employees with common decency and justice. Ethical business practices contributes to the long and short term business objectives as the employees will feel motivated thus they will work efficiently and effectively . The conduct of ethics in HRM fundamentallyRead MoreThe Equal Protection Clause Of The United States Constitution1496 Words   |  6 PagesReligious Discrimination and Racial Harassment in the Workforce. Specific Issues Maalick Encountered in the Workplace Specific issues Marshawn DeMur encountered in his workplace are the company code of ethics violation, hostility in the workplace, racial harassment and or religious discrimination, safety violations, and misconduct. Most of these are Human Resource (HR) workplace ethic violations that are reported, perhaps as regular occurrences. The most common occurrence in the workplace of theRead MoreEthics Of Human Resources : Ethics1593 Words   |  7 PagesEthics In Human Resources Logan Fjelstad March 13, 2015 Ethics In Human Resources Ethics in the workplace are an important part of any business owner or business managers job. The human resources department or HR deal with a vast array of different ethical challenges. HR departments deal directly with everyone employed by a company. HR can include many ethical pitfalls that can lead to a bad reputation or damage a companies financial sustainability if the situation is notRead MoreGender Discrimination And The Workplace Essay1242 Words   |  5 Pagesmake towards gender workplace equality but gender workplace discrimination continues to be an impediment to gender equality. For the purpose of research on gender workplace discrimination, I used four journal articles. The first article, Minimizing Workplace Gender and Racial Bias, by author William T. Bielby, discusses stereotyping in the workplace. The article offers suggestions on how organizations should review their policy and procedures to minimize bias in the workplace. This article only

The Legacy Of Ronald Reagan - 1804 Words

Close your eyes for a moment, imagine that you are in the 1981. You hear people talking about the USSR and the threat of their superiority. On the television you hear a news caster talking about the Iran hostage crisis. Then you see two old men talking about loss of their jobs and how America is not what it was 20 years ago. You are standing in nation without an identity and hope. Then these word echoed thru the abyss of discontent, according to Schaller (2011) our new president declares â€Å"for us to realize that we are too great a nation to limit ourselves to small dreams† (p. 34). With a WHOOSH of air felt around the world, America stands up to take on its destiny. Ronald Reagan was an incredible visionary and ethical leader throughout his political career. Main Point 1, I will demonstrate this thru examples of his visionary leadership because he knew the value vision, team building, and the importance of being a transformational leader. Main Point 2, I will illustrate his ethical leadership throughout his political career by avoiding ethical traps, relaying on his ethical principles and supporting principles. Main Point 3 Lastly, I will explain how his leadership has influence me to improve my leadership qualities. Visionary Leader Ronald Reagan was a visionary leader because he knew the value vision, team building, and the importance of being a transformational leader. At the time he took office the country was in disorder, everyone believed that America was on theShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy of Ronald Reagan1004 Words   |  5 PagesRonald Reagan is to this date the oldest serving president, and the effects of his presidency have affected not only the United States of America but most of the world as well. The consensus among historians is that Ronald Reagan left a lasting legacy that was a great one in numerous ways. His Reaganomics improved America’s economy greatly, and secured its future economic prosperity. He also fought communism head on and was able to end it in most parts of the world, but more importantly in SovietRead MoreThe Legacy Of Ronald Reagan1795 Words   |  8 PagesRonald Reagan California proved divided on state political issues in 1964. The state needed a Republican candidate with an inspirational personality that could humanize conservatism within the state. Ronald Reagan fit the criteria (DeGroot, 1997). Reagan a former actor, and president of the Screen Actors Guild was not a politician by Washington standards. However, Reagan had been on the campaign trail with Barry Goldwater, delivering inspirational speeches at various campaign stops. ReagansRead MoreRonald Legacy Of Ronald Reagan1776 Words   |  8 Pages President Paper - Ronald Reagan Ronald Wilson Reagan was born on February 6, 1911 to Nelle and John Reagan. He was born in a second story apartment building in Tampico, Illinois. His father, Jack Reagan, was a storyteller and a salesman. His mother, Nelle (Wilson) Reagan, was a stay at home mother of two. Reagan’s only brother Neil who was born on September 16, 1908 was an advertising executive. As a boy Reagan was his father nicknamed him â€Å"Dutch† because of his fat little Dutchman like appearanceRead MoreRonald Legacy Of Ronald Reagan1479 Words   |  6 PagesRonald Reagan is known for many things; however, he is most often recognized for his presidency. Not only was he a president, he was also a former athlete, Hollywood actor, and devoted husband and father. Ronald Reagan was one of the most influential and respected men of his time, known for his traditional morals, values, and beliefs that make him one of the best presidents that America has ever seen. Although Ronald Reagan eventually came to lead a glamorous lifestyle, his beginnings were much moreRead MoreRonald Legacy Of Ronald Reagan2084 Words   |  9 Pages Ronald Wilson Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois on February 6th, 1911. He was born to John Edward Reagan and Nelle Wilson Reagan. John Reagan was a second generation Italian-American shoe salesmen and his mother Nelle was a huge believer in the bible and the Protestant faith. Mrs. Reagan was also the first individual that introduced Ronald into acting when Mrs. Reagan was teaching dramatic acting lessons in the town. According to Mr. Reagan this shaped him into the person that he wasRead MoreThe Legacy Of Ronald Reagan2021 Words   |  9 PagesACHIEVEMENTS Ronald Reagan was able to obtain numerous achievements during his life. For instance, he acquired a Bachelor of Arts in Economics degree and a Sociology degree. He also broadcast the Chicago Club home games in Des Moines. In addition, he managed to rise to the rank of Captain during World War II while serving in the Army Air Corps First Motion Picture Unit. Also, Reagan wrote numerous books reflecting on his political views and life. These include An American Life, The Reagan DiariesRead MoreThe Legacy Of Ronald Reagan1965 Words   |  8 Pageswill be a nation gone under. These were the words of Ronald Reagan who was one of the most influential presidents who took a stand towards Christianity and conservatism. Though some say government and God do not mix, Reagan believed that government could not be successful without God. Ronald Reagan was born to John and Nelle Reagan on February 6, 1911. Nelle raised Ronald in church and tried to impart on him the love of God which she knew. Ronald embraced the same beliefs in God that his mother hadRead MoreEssay on The Legacy of President Ronald Reagan1141 Words   |  5 Pages During the 1980s, the legacy of Ronald Reagan was reflected upon the Iran-Contra affair, the fall of communism, and the impact of illegal drugs. The Iran-Contra affair jeopardized the very legacy of the president. Reagan was appraised for and credited for the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the global threat of communism. Another form of threat to the legacy of Reagan and his administration was the threat of illegal drugs in the United States. Thus proving how much the 1980s was an era ofRead MoreThe Legacy Of Ronald Wilson Reagan1432 Words   |  6 Pageswar on the home front against the use and spread of drugs. To many all around the world , this man would become the savior of A merica. Ronald Wilson Reagan was born on February 6, 1911 to Jack and Nelle Reagan in Tampico, Illinois. The Reagan family moved to Dixon in 1920, where Ronald excelled in high school, earning an athletic scholarship to Eureka College. Ronald majored in economics and sociology without knowing how useful this decision would be in 1981. After graduating from Eureka in 1932 heRead MoreThe Legacy Of Ronald Wilson Reagan1247 Words   |  5 PagesRonald Wilson Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois on February 6, 1911 to Nelle Wilson and John Edward Reagan. His father, also known as Jack Reagan, came from an Irish background, while his mother was a Scottish and English mix. Reagan had only one sibling, his brother, Neil Reagan. He attended a high school nearby what he considers his hometown, Dixon. At Dixon high school, he served as student body president and participated in football,basketball, track, and school plays. After graduating from

Over Medication of Prescription Drugs in Children Adolescents Free Essays

This study examines the pervasive state of mental illness and the overmedication of prescription drugs on children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 18 years of age, here in America. It has been predicted that the lack of studies on the medicated child has not been able to determine the overall long term effects that it might have on the participants involved. However, community supported programs such as Blended Case Management have become the cornerstone to managing and providing supportive   care for the client and the families that suffer from the diagnosis of DSM IV or AXIS 1 classifications. We will write a custom essay sample on Over Medication of Prescription Drugs in Children Adolescents or any similar topic only for you Order Now Across the Atlantic the World Heath Organizations international mental health policies and programs are securely in place to ensure that everyone big or small is provided adequate care when dealing with the mental health in poverty stricken communities.The Current State of Mental Health the Medicated Child Mental Illness in children and adolescents is one of the most pervasive illnesses’ that is sweeping the American landscape. Every day a child is diagnosed under the classification of the DSM – IV or Axis I – R Diagnosis. DSM – IV or Axis I – R diagnosis is the criteria for which patients seek treatment for the following disorders that includes bi-polar disorders, schizophrenia, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Autism, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, and Mood Disorders.Early diagnosis and treatment with psychotropic drugs has increased in children from the ages of 5 – 18 years of age. Prescription drugs in children still remain virtually untested for long term serious side effects on the growth of children. Overzealous doctors and the pharmaceutical companies play a decisive role in the treatment of these illnesses. Currently there are over one million children that are being treated for mental disorders in the United States alone (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2008).Many questions still remain pertaining to the overall remedy of such a deliberate action. Are children receiving the proper diagnosis and treatment for their illness? The diagnosis and behavior modification drugs for treating a variety of illnesses in children has been an ongoing debate among parents, doctors and the Federal Drug Administration for the past decade. How much is too much and when do you stop? No one seems to know the answers.Children are in a constant state of flux. Once a child is diagnosed with a mental illness various medications are prescribed to maintain the psychiatric symptoms and disorders, and they can include anything from bedwetting, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, depression disorder, eating disorder, bipolar disorder formerly manic-depressive, psychosis, autism, severe aggression, and sleep problems (CABL, 2005). The types of medication that are used in treating these psychoses are stimulant medications, Antidepressant medications, antipsychotic medications, mood stabilizers, and anticonvulsant medications. One of the most prevalent illnesses in recent years that deserve a notable mention is the rise of Autism. Autism is the most common condition in a group of developmental disorders known as the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Autism is generally characterized by impaired social interactions problems with verbal and non verbal communication, and unusual, repetitive or severely limited activities in interests.No one knows what causes autisms; some have said that it is due to the inoculation of vaccinations in the early development of the child which in turn throws off the natural development of our children, thus creating symptoms that lead to Autism. Experts have estimated that three to six children out of every 1000 will have autism. Males are also more likely than females to have autism (Autism-Society, 2008). Recently the United States Court of Federal Claims began to conduct hearings on whether to decide if vaccination’s additive led to thousands of children to become autistic (New York Times, May 2008).The courts are in the process of deciding if the government should pay millions to the families of sick children. Parents are insisting that thimerosal, a preservative that contains mercury have severely affected their children’s cognitive abilities, which the government and scientist have vehemently denied. Medical records indicate that all of the children involved were developmentally sound before the vaccines began. This case and others including vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella are still pending. The treatment of Autism like any other developmental disorder has become somewhat of a learning experience for everyone involved.Doctor’s often prescribe anti-depressant medications to handle symptoms of anxiety, depression, or obsessive compulsive disorder. Anti – psychotic medications are used to treat severe behavioral problems. Seizures can be treated with one or more of the anticonvulsant drugs. Stimulant drugs are also used to help control impulsivity and hyperactivity (Hersen, 1998). Nevertheless, the long terms affects of these drugs are not well documented. We have a lot to learn about this disease and the debilitating effects there of. Child and Family Support Care ProgramsPrograms that are nestled in the community such as St. Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital’s Blended Case Management Program in New York City, New York, give children hope in increasing stability in the home while carefully managing their disease. Support groups and training for patients and families have become essential in managing these possibly debilitating illnesses. Blended Case Management which is an affiliate of New York City Children’s Single Point of Access (CSPOA) at St. Luke’s Roosevelt Hospital Psychiatric Division, conveniently located in Manhattan, New York. I had the esteemed honor of meeting with Ms.Erin Atkinson who works as an Intensive Case Manager, who also, for the past six years has worked under the umbrella of The Child and Family Institute which includes the Blended Case Management Team. Over the past several years of her employment, she has counseled a number of patients that have been diagnosed as Axis I – R Diagnosis. Axis I – R Diagnosis is the criteria for which patients seek treatment for a variety of mental illnesses and disorders, which includes Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Bi-Polar Disorder (Manic Depressive), Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Cond uct Disorder and Mood Disorders which ncludes schizophrenia and depression. Blended Case Management is specifically designed and geared towards children. Her clients range in the age of five to eighteen years of age. The two main services that Blended Case Management provides to their patients are crisis counseling and advocacy. One of Ms. Atkinson’s key roles is to increase stability in order for the patient to remain in the community instead of psychiatric hospitalization and residential placement.Keeping the client in the home and providing therapy in spite of Axis I – R Diagnosis is imperative for the programs focus agenda to be and remain successful (E. Atkinson [personnel communications] February 26, 2008) . The Blended Case Management team works in unison to insure the best possible care for their clients. Strong advocacy skills have become the cornerstone of intensive case management strategy when providing the best possible out patient medical care programs for their clients. On many occasions over the course of Ms. Atkinson’s employment the rate of success has been phenomenal.However, it is important for us to understand that now more than ever children are being diagnosed with severe mental disorders at a very early age. We have been so concerned with medicating the child that we forget that families are affected as well. One of the great things about Blended Case Management is that the families are included as a part of the patients counseling and advisement regiment. Families learn coping skills that are essential to be able to manage the stress of a family member who has been diagnosed with Axis I – R Diagnosis.Education through family counseling is an essential and necessary component for the patients overall mental health and stability. Through my continued research on mental health disorders in children, I have come to understand the pitfalls by which being diagnosed with an illnesses such as Axis I R Diagnosis can be devastating for a young child to live and mange on a daily basis successfully. However, with programs like Blended Case Management in our communities, children will have the opportunity to live beyond the stigma of being classified with a debilitating mental disorder.International Programs and Policies Organizations such as the World Health Organization have extensive programs that are available for the strengthening of mental health promotion for adults and children alike. Countries such as England, France, Ghana, Gambi a, Zambia, Uganda, South Africa, Lesotho, Mexico and Peru have adopted several polices that are mandatory interventions that are developed by the World Heath Organizations for the emotional stability for poor populations. However, there are no mental laws in 25% of countries covering 65% of the world’s population. While 91% of European countries do have a law on mental health, only 57% of Eastern Mediterranean counties do. Mental health legislation covers legal provisions for the protection of the basic human and civil rights of people with metal disorders. Early childhood interventions combined with nutritional and psycho-social support in disadvantaged populations are essential for the communities and families to thrive under dire circumstances. Support for children such as skills building and youth development are nestled in major cities throughout third world countries.These facilities enable children and families to seek treatment which would have not been available before to the populace at large. Even though they are not as extensive and far reaching as American medical facilities, they are effective nevertheless. Everyday there are services that treat children and adults that are diagnosed mental illness. One program that has made a noticeable difference to there country is the Mental Health and Poverty Project which takes place in South Africa, Ghana, Zambia and Uganda.This program is designed to develop, implement and evaluate mental health policies in poor countries, in order to provide new knowledge regarding the approaches to comprehensive medical management, while breaking the cycle of poverty and mental ill health through out the population (World Health Organization, 2007). One of the things that are not mentioned in the international reports are the demographics and statistics of mental illness among children and adolescents or the frequent use of medication or how pervasive prescriptions drugs are used within certain sectors of the population.Nevertheless, there is hope; programs that are guided by the World Health Organization, guidelines which have been set in motion for the overall health and development of families that are effect by mental illness. Conclusion Never in all of my years of conducting research about any one particular topic have I found that the mental health and the over medicating of our children to be at such alarming rate of exposure here in this country.The lack of research on long term exposure of various medications of drugs and the after effects are still unknown but many continue to suffer at the expense of overzealous pharmaceutical companies and unknowing eager parents. We must begin to set a regulation of standards that would apply to every child that is labeled with a DSM – IV or AXIS 1 diagnosis. Long term stuffy of effects of these drugs must begin now. Only then can we begin to help our children more effectively when it comes to medicating our children when diagnosed with an illness.One of the things that I have continued to discover is that the prevalence of drugs in children that are prescribed by doctors are only effected with in the western culture of society. European, African and Asian societies and its usage of drugs are not at the level that it is here in the western world. Programs such as the Mental Health and Poverty Project that are established in African countries which include Zambia, Uganda, South Africa and ? , set models on how to combat the pervasive scope of mental illness through combating poverty at the same time.They believe through intricate steps of care of dealing with the issues of survival and poverty eliminates the long term effects of what metal illness could bring, which includes the prolonged use of medications which the average family can no t afford. Through family, community, and society, and government roles all play a factor in the striving and survival of the overall family dynamic. How to cite Over Medication of Prescription Drugs in Children Adolescents, Papers

International Marketing Plan Apple Essay Example

International Marketing Plan Apple Paper Intenational Marketing Plan Table of Contents Executive Summary Situation Analysis Description of product and or service Geographic description of the target market Environmental analysis Cultural analysis Economic analysis Legal environment Political factors and risk analysis Evaluate the market potential of a targeted buyer/ consumer segments Identify factors that influence their purchasing decisions Financial conditions (GDP, discretionary income, debt, credit) Competitive analysis (SWOT) Strategy Development Segmentation, targeting, positioning Marketing strategy Product Promotional strategy Pricing strategy Place Channels of Distribution Modes of entry Implementation Action plans Implementation and control Timelines and milestones Monitoring Review and evaluation Executive Summary In 2001, Apple was having a tough time finding an undefined market that had not been well established. They realized that digital music players lacked in quality and did not have a well thought-of market. Apple branched from this idea and assigned their engineering assembly team to design the first iPod within a year’s time. After all the hard work the engineering team at Apple underwent, the Apple iPod was made public. On October 23, 2001, Apple introduced the first series of iPods to the world (Schlender, 2001). The iPod is designed to store media on a built-in hard drive or by the use of flash memory. It also serves as an external data storage device when connected to a computer. It plays media files anywhere a user chooses and is designed in a very convenient size. In 2003, Apple released another series of iPods that included the iTunes software. iTunes is program that stores a comprehensive library of the users music, video and photos on their computer (Donovan, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on International Marketing Plan Apple specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on International Marketing Plan Apple specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on International Marketing Plan Apple specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This program can play, download and rip music from a CD onto the library and is exclusive to Apple iPods. The Apple iPod is the world’s best selling digital audio player. Over 50 million iPods have been sold throughout the world, since its release (Hesseldahl, 2005). It dominates the market and has become a generic name when referring to MP3 players. The mental association most people make with digital music players is the Apple iPod. The market share Apple had in the Untied States in 2004 for all MP3 player types was over 70% of the market (Hesseldahl, 2005). The iPod has also caused a halo effect which encourages users to switch to Apple products. Apparently, Apple Corporation is correctly implementing numerous advertising and marketing. I will attempt to create an international marketing plan for the Apple iPod in the United Kingdom. It’s a challenging task since Apple has been so successful with the iPod. Situation Analysis Description of Product and or Service The Apple iPod and the Apple iTunes brand names, designs and symbols have helped to differentiate them from their competitors. The iPod encompasses the personality dimension of excitement and competence. The imaginative, tech-savvy image along with being recognized as an intelligent and successful brand has put them in a league of their own. The functional attributes of â€Å"1,000 songs in your pocket† and the emotional attribute of â€Å"which iPod are you? † have been very successful for this brand. The predominate language that’s spoken in the United Kingdom is English the theme would be kept the same. Apple has gained brand recognition with the use of the lowercase i†. It is associated with many Apple products. In fact, name switches have occurred to reflect the lowercase i† such as the iMac which was formally known as Macintosh computer. Other products include iTunes, iChat, and iBook among other name switches (wikipedia. com). Another recognizable aspect of the iPod is the white cord earbud headphones which has become symbolic of the iPod brand. In addition, the use of iTunes has also become part of the brand. iTunes is a program that stores a comprehensive library of the users music, video and photos on their computer. This program can play, download and rip music from a CD onto the library. This is used in conjunction with the iPod. Users connect their iPod to their computers to transmit songs, video and photos to or from their device using iTunes. The program is exclusive and made only for the iPod. Geographic Description of the Target Market Information directly from http://www. odci. gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/uk. html Location:Western Europe, islands including the northern one-sixth of the island of Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of France Geographic coordinates: 54 00 N, 2 00 W Area:total: 244,820 sq km land: 241,590 sq km water: 3,230 sq km note: includes Rockall and Shetland Islands Area comparative:slightly smaller than Oregon Land boundaries:total: 360 km border countries: Ireland 360 km Coastline:12,429 km Climate:temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast Terrain:mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and southeast Environmental Analysis Inform directly from http://www. odci. gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/uk. html Natural resources:coal, petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, lead, zinc, gold, tin, limestone, salt, clay, chalk, gypsum, potash, silica sand, slate, arable land Land use:arable land: 23. 23% permanent crops: 0. 2% other: 76. 57% (2005) Irrigated land:1,080 sq km (1998 est. Natural hazards:winter windstorms; floods Environment – current issues:continues to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (has met Kyoto Protocol target of a 12. 5% reduction from 1990 levels and intends to meet the legally binding target and move toward a domestic goal of a 20% cut in emissions by 2010); by 2005 the government aims to reduce the amount of industrial and commercial waste disposed of in landfill sites to 85% of 1998 levels and to recycle or compost at least 25% of household waste, increasing to 33% by 2015; between 1998-99 and 1999-2000, household recycling increased from 8. % to 10. 3% Environment – international agreements:party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants Cultural Analysis Information directly from http://www. odci. gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/uk. html Population:60,609,153 (July 2006 est. ) Age structure:0-14 years: 17. 5% (male 5,417,663/female 5,161,714) 15-64 years: 66. 8% (male 20,476,571/female 19,988,959) 65 years and over: 15. 8% (male 4,087,020/female 5,477,226) (2006 est. ) Median age:Total: 39. years male: 38. 2 years female: 40. 4 years (2006 est. ) Population growth rate:0. 28% (2006 est. ) Birth rate:10. 71 births/1,000 population (2006 est. ) Death rate:10. 13 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est. ) Net migration rate:2. 18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est. ) Sex ratio:At birth: 1. 05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1. 05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1. 02 mal e(s)/female 65 years and over: 0. 75 male(s)/female total population: 0. 98 male(s)/female (2006 est. ) Nationality:noun: Briton(s), British (collective plural) adjective: British Ethnic groups:white (of which English 83. 6%, Scottish 8. %, Welsh 4. 9%, Northern Irish 2. 9%) 92. 1%, black 2%, Indian 1. 8%, Pakistani 1. 3%, mixed 1. 2%, other 1. 6% (2001 census) Religions:Christian (Anglican, Roman Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist) 71. 6%, Muslim 2. 7%, Hindu 1%, other 1. 6%, unspecified or none 23. 1% (2001 census) Languages:English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland) Literacy:Definition: age 15 and over has completed five or more years of schooling total population: 99% male: 99% female: 99% (2003 est. ) Economic Analysis Information directly from http://www. odci. ov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/uk. html The UK, a leading trading power and financial center, is one of the quintets of trillion dollar economies of Weste rn Europe. Over the past two decades, the government has greatly reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social welfare programs. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with less than 2% of the labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary energy production accounts for 10% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any industrial nation. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and business services, account by far for the largest proportion of GDP while industry continues to decline in importance. GDP growth slipped in 2001-03 as the global downturn, the high value of the pound, and the bursting of the new economy bubble hurt manufacturing and exports. Output recovered in 2004, to 3. 2% growth, but fell in 2005, to 1. 7%. Despite slower growth, the economy is one of the strongest in Europe; inflation, interest rates, and unemployment remain low. The relatively good economic performance has complicated the BLAIR governments efforts to make a case for Britain to join the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Critics point out that the economy is doing well outside of EMU, and public opinion polls show a majority of Britons are opposed to the euro. Meantime, the government has been speeding up the improvement of education, transport, and health services, at a cost in higher taxes and a widening public deficit. Legal Environment Information directly from http://www. odci. gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/uk. html Government type:constitutional monarchy Dependent areas:Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena and Ascension, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands Independence:England has existed as a unified entity since the 10th century; the union between England and Wales, begun in 1284 with the Statute of Rhuddlan, was not formalized until 1536 with an Act of Union; in another Act of Union in 1707, England and Scotland agreed to permanently join as Great Britain; the egislative union of Great Britain and Ireland was implemented in 1801, with the adoption of the name the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 formalized a partition of Ireland; six northern Irish counties remained part of the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland and the current name of the country, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, was adopted in 1927 Const itution:unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice Legal system:common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; has nonbinding judicial review of Acts of Parliament under the Human Rights Act of 1998; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations Executive branch:Chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent Prince CHARLES (son of the queen, born 14 November 1948) head of government: Prime Minister Anthony (Tony) BLAIR (since 2 May 1997) cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the prime minister elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually the prime minister Legislative branch:bicameral Parliament comprised of House of Lords (consists of approximately 500 life peers, 92 hereditary peers and 26 clergy) and House of Commons (646 seats since 2005 elections; members are elected by popular vot e to serve five-year terms unless the House is dissolved earlier) elections: House of Lords no elections (note in 1999, as provided by the House of Lords Act, elections were held in the House of Lords to determine the 92 hereditary peers who would remain there; pending further reforms, elections are held only as vacancies in the hereditary peerage arise); House of Commons last held 5 May 2005 (next to be held by May 2010) election results: House of Commons percent of vote by party Labor 35. 2%, Conservative 32. 3%, Liberal Democrats 22%, other 10. %; seats by party Labor 356, Conservative 197, Liberal Democrat 62, other 31; note as of 30 September 2005 the seats by party Labor 354, Conservative 196, Liberal Democrat 62, other 34 note: in 1998 elections were held for a Northern Ireland Assembly (because of unresolved disputes among existing parties, the transfer of power from London to Northern Ireland came only at the end of 1999 and has been suspended four times the latest occurring in October 2002); in 1999 there were elections for a new Scottish Parliament and a new Welsh Assembly Judicial branch:House of Lords (highest court of appeal; several Lords of Appeal in Ordinary are appointed by the monarch for life); Supreme Courts of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (comprising the Courts of Appeal, the High Courts of Justice, and the Crown Courts); Scotlands Court of Session and Court of the Justiciary Political Factors and Risk Analysis Information directly from http://www. odci. gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/uk. html Political parties and leaders:Conservative and Unionist Party [David CAMERON]; Democratic Unionist Party (Northern Ireland) [Rev. Ian PAISLEY]; Labor Party [Anthony (Tony) BLAIR]; Liberal Democrats [Charles KENNEDY]; Party of Wales (Plaid Cymru) [Dafydd IWAN]; Scottish National Party or SNP [Alex SALMOND]; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland) [Gerry ADAMS]; Social Democratic and Labor Party or SDLP (Northern Ireland) [Mark DURKAN]; Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland) [Sir Reg EMPEY] Political pressure groups and leaders:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament; Confederation of British Industry; National Farmers Union; Trades Union Congress International organization participation:AfDB, Arctic Council (observer), AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CBSS (observer), CDB, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 5, G- 7, G- 8, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), UN, UN Security Council, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMOVIC, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UPU, WCO, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC Diplomatic representation in the US:chief of mission: Ambassador David G. MANNING chancery: 3100 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 588-6500 FAX: [1] (202) 588-7870 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Orlando, San Francisco consulate(s): Dallas, Denver, Miami, Seattle Diplomatic representation from the US:chief of mission: Ambassador Robert Holmes TUTTLE embassy: 24/31 Grosvenor Square, London, W1A 1AE mailing address: PSC 801, Box 40, FPO AE 09498-4040 telephone: [44] (0) 20 7499-9000 FAX: [44] (0) 20 7629-9124 consulate(s) general: Belfast, Edinburgh Evaluate the market potential The target population has internet access as well as discretionary income to spend. As you can see from the chart below more than half of the UK population have internet access. A study conducted by Billboard Music concluded that 43% of the United Kingdom currently downloads music and 35% of them have MP3 players. There is definitely a strong market in the UK. Population:60,609,153 (July 2006 est. ) Telephones main lines in use:32. 943 million (2005) Telephones mobile cellular:61. 091 million (2004) Radio broadcast stations:AM 219, FM 431, shortwave 3 (1998) Television broadcast stations:228 (plus 3,523 repeaters) (1995) Internet country code:. uk Internet hosts:4,688,307 (2005) Internet users:37. 8 million (2005) Identify Factors that influence their purchasing decisions Economic factors help to influence consumer decisions in the Untied Kingdom. Currently this factor is not to point where it would cause concern. The Euro is currently the strongest monetary currency. Competition is another factor that can sway consumers. However, with the Apple iPod being know as the 1st MP3 player and becoming a generic name this may not be an issue but we must remain at this position, especially crossing the international border. Financial conditions (GDP, discretionary income, debt, credit) Information directly from http://www. odci. gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/uk. html GDP (purchasing power parity):$1. 869 trillion (2005 est. ) GDP (official exchange rate):$2. 218 trillion (2005 est. ) GDP real growth rate:1. 7% (2005 est. ) GDP per capita (PPP):$30,900 (2005 est. ) GDP composition by sector:agriculture: 1. 1% industry: 26% services: 72. 9% (2005 est. ) Population below poverty line:17% (2002 est. ) Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 2. 1% highest 10%: 28. 5% (1999) Distribution of family income Gini index:36. 8 (1999) Inflation rate (consumer prices):2. 2% (2005 est. ) Investment (gross fixed):16. 3% of GDP (2005 est. ) Budget:revenues: $881. 4 billion expenditures: $951 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2005 est. ) Public debt:42. 2% of GDP (2005 est. ) Electricity imports:5. 1 billion kWh (2003) Exports:$372. 7 billion f. o. b. (2005 est. ) Exports commodities:manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals; food, beverages, tobacco Exports partners:US 15. 3%, Germany 10. 8%, France 9. 2%, Ireland 6. %, Netherlands 6%, Belgium 5. 1%, Spain 4. 5%, Italy 4. 2% (2004) Imports:$483. 7 billion f. o. b. (2005 est. ) Imports commodities:manufactured goods, machinery, fuels; foodstuffs Imports partners:Germany 13%, US 9. 3%, France 7. 4%, Netherlands 6. 6%, Belgium 4. 9%, China 4. 3%, Italy 4. 3% (2004) Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:$48. 73 billion (2004) Debt external:$7. 107 trillion (30 June 2005) Economic aid donor:ODA, $7. 9 billion (2004) Currency (code):British pound (GBP) Exchange rates:British pounds per US dollar 0. 55 (2005), 0. 5462 (2004), 0. 6125 (2003), 0. 6672 (2002), 0. 6947 (2001) Competitive Analysis (SWOT) Strengths Weaknesses Apple is one of the most established and healthy IT brands in the World, Sales of notebook products are also very strong, and represent a huge contribution to income for Apple. It is reported that the Apple iPod Nano may have a faulty screen. a batch of Apple iPods has screens that break under impact Sales of iPod music player had increased its second quarter profits to $320 (June 2005) Apple has sold over 50 million iPod digital music players and more than 500 million songs though its iTunes music store. It accounts for 82% of all legally downloaded music in the US. There is pressure on Apple to increase the price of its music download file, from the music industry itself. Many of these companies make more money from iTunes (i. e. ownloadable music files) than from their original CD sales. Loyal set of enthusiastic customers that advocate the brand. Early iPods had faulty batteries Favorable brand perception causing Halo Effect: recruiting new customers, it retains them they come ba ck for more products and services Early in 2005 Apple announced that it was to end its long-standing relationship with IBM as a chip supplier, and that it was about to switch to Intel. Some industry specialists commented that the swap could confuse Apples consumers. OpportunitiesThreats Apple has the opportunity to develop its iTunes and music player technology into a mobile phone format. High level of competition in the technology markets. Podcasts are downloadable radio shows that can be downloaded from the Internet, and then played back on iPods and other MP3 devices at the convenience of the listener. The listener can subscribe to Podcasts for free, and ultimately revenue could be generated from paid for subscription or through revenue generated from sales of other downloads. High product substitution effect in the innovative and fast moving IT consumables market. Tomorrows technology might be completely different. Wireless technologies could replace the need for a physical music player. Opportunity to extend to new products Vulnerable to leaks that could cost them profits. Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning Geographic Variables Country United Kingdom Demographics Variables Age11-28 years old GenderMale and Female Income0-$50,000 Occupation Influence family decision makers – Part-time/full-time employees/college students Psychographics Variables ?Social, self conscious, need for belonging , hormonal ?Lives with a parent/s or guardian, college campus or apartment ? Enjoys the internet and other new technologies ?Craves attention, trendy, enjoys music, likes material objects Behavioral Variables ?This group influences sales of products for the household ? This group will first look to the Internet to acquire information ? They would likely want a product that everyone else has Developing choice patterns and product loyalty ?They will be devastated if a purchase of their desire is not made Marketing Strategy Product Packaging is very important to a sale and protection of a product. The exterior must be durable, pleasing and must catch attention. The interior must contain the product and the accessories i n a stable, protective way. The elements of the package will remain consistent with all other communications. It will be easily identifiable, pleasing to the eye and effective in catching attention encouraging potential buyers to purchase the product. The other elements of the package include the exterior and the interior. The exterior of the packaging will feature the bright color background and a silhouette cutout on the box. There will be a physically unbreakable display window to reveal the iPod. The package will be oversized to help reduce the risk of theft. It will be packaged in such a way that it will be protected from damage caused by physical force, weather elements and shipping pressures. Information on the use, the handling of the iPod and the disposal will be placed on the package. Any government regulated information will also be placed on the box. The interior of the packaging will hold the iPod and the accessories in place despite any movement. The iPod is packaged with software enabling users to uploading music, photos, and videos called iTunes. Also contained in the package is a charger, instructions, connection cords, earbud headphones and a promotional card for free downloads with regards to the promotional game. All these essentials will carefully be placed in a plastic molded design to prevent any displacement during turbulent movement when crossing the international seas. Promotional Strategy There are many types of promotions that can be utilized to increase the changes of a purchase. The one from of promotion I will use to engage the consumer and encourage them to purchase the Apple iPod will be an interactive sweepstake. The promotion campaign will utilize the same elements as that of advertising to create a single voice. The promotions campaign of the Apple iPod would include the silhouette as part of the promotion. The idea is to engage viewers, readers and listeners to participate in the â€Å"Shadows of the Silhouette† promotional sweepstakes game. The promotional game consists of silhouettes of famous musical artists from the U. K. Each artist has a different prize level. Participants will receive pieces of the silhouette after they complete online registration or mail-in a postcard. The pieces or clues will help them fill-in the silhouette. They have an opportunity to win several prizes based on the completion of the silhouette. For every iTune song downloaded, any Apple product purchased, entering promotional codes found within the magazine ads will give participants clues. Of course, no purchase is necessary to enter. Pricing Strategy The prices will allow for sufficient gross profit to cover overhead expenses. Apple utilizes a markup method, based on costs. The markup will depend on the product, but will be around 40% to cover expenses. A cost book will list each individual product and their costs. We will not attempt to offer drastically lower prices. However, we will be relatively lower than our competitors in the beginning of the introduction. Channels of Distribution, Modes of Entry Products will be shipped via freight and flight across the English channels, utilizing mostly freight to enter the following ports Hound Point, Immingham, Milford Haven, Liverpool, London, Southampton, Sullom Voe and the Teesport. We would follow all government restrictions and regulations as it pertains to shipping and value added taxes while maintaining a strong relationship with our suppliers. Implementation Action plans, Implementation and Control Advertising plays a key role in persuading members of the United Kingdom target market about our products and services. These advertisements create awareness, response and brand knowledge among other qualities. Apple Corporation has used this strategy to implement many new product announcements that are on to the market today and we will continue this method in the international borders. Apple has promoted the iPod and iTunes brands in several successful advertising campaigns, a large number of which are part of their series of silhouette commercials. They also produce commercials with popular artists performing their songs. These commercials have been very successful in creating awareness and recognition of the Apple iPod. The commercials I am proposing would include various artists from different genres of music. These artists would appeal to a wide spectrum of music listeners in the U. K. This would create a sense of belonging, acceptance and relationship building among consumers. The artist would perform part of their song against complex bright animation. Then towards the end of the commercial the artist would hold their iPod while connecting their earbud headphones. Then transform into a silhouette on their iPod as it falls ever so gently to the ground. The screen will display the words â€Å"Are you part of the iScene? †. These effective advertisements will capture the attention of the target audiences. Our main focus is advertising to increase brand knowledge within the target audience. In addition, we will create a desire among the target audience with the message â€Å"Are you a part of the iScene? † To this end we will be utilizing the following forms of media, television, radio, magazine, internet, out-of-home and alternative advertising. Since TV commercials are one of the most effective, most pervasive, and most popular methods of selling products we will be using this to reach our main target audience. Radio commercials will also be another effective media to utilize with this advertising campaign. The radio and television commercials will be placed on station that are appreciate in reaching our target audience. Television stations that are popular among the U. K. target audience would be utilized. They will play at times when the target audience views/listens to these stations. Also the ads will be repeated over and over, which achieves the frequency that is need. Other communication channels that will be utilized include internet, magazine, out-of-home and alternative advertising. Internet ads will be a nice supplement to the overall advertising campaign. There are 840 million people who use the internet, according to the Global Reach Agency, which translates to reaching a lot of people. A way we will draw people to visit the iPod website is by the use of chat rooms, blogs, pop-up ads and search engines. The use of the website will enable more people globally to explore information, promotions and other information that Apple Corporation has to offer. Special focus will be placed on the Apple iPod. The internet will also enable us to send promotional information, news and coupons via e-mail to our customers and potential customers. We would be able to post events and supporting activities on the website. We will utilize magazine advertisement that the target audience reads. The magazine advertisement will have the same design as the rest of the communications. It will also play a vital role within the promotion aspect of this plan. As a communications tool customer magazines are enormously powerful and allow a level of contact with consumers. They range from general interest titles such as Time, GQ and Cosmopolitan, which appeal to a variety of readers, to highly specialist titles covering particular hobbies, leisure pursuits or other interests. They also measure and track fairly well, offering tangible information on return on investment. The most common type of out-of-home advertising is the billboard but also extends to the other outdoor ads such as posters. The message on the billboard will be readable in a very short period of time because people usually pass billboards going at high speeds. There will be only a few words, Are you a part of the iScene? , in large print, with an eye-catching silhouette image with a bright colorful background. The same attention-grabbing advertisement will extend to buses being wrapped, buildings painted and an iPod Mobile. These advertising methods would depend on the government’s regulations and requirements. Timelines and Milestones Monitoring, Review and Evaluation †¢What is evaluation all about? †¢Did we implement the activities we proposed? †¢Did attitudes change-among the community, customers, management-as a result of our programs? Evaluative research, sometimes called summative research, is conducted primarily to determine whether a marketing plan has accomplished its goals and objectives. A variant of evaluation can be applied during a program to monitor progress and indicate where modifications might make sense. The key word in society today is accountability, which means taking responsibility for achieving the performance promised. With resources limited and competition fierce, managers at every level demand accountability for every activity on which they spend money. That’s what evaluation is all about. Marketing professionals are obligated today to assess what they’ve done to determine whether the expense was worth it. In the end we reported back to management. Evaluation findings should be shared with management. This reinforces the notion that marketing is contributing to management goals for the organization. Conclusion The Apple iPod is a great example of a well designed campaign. The Apple Corporation has come a long way since the â€Å"Think Different† campaign of the 1980’s. They now have greater strength as company and as a brand. The use of innovation, creativity and well made products have put Apple at the forefront of technology. Enhancing the brand by crossing the international border will be challenging since it is unfamiliar territory. However, the concepts and the use of the international concepts in a reliable manner will help to create a stronger marketing plan. This plan may help to gain additional market share as well as increase sales, brand awareness and recognition among other advantage points. References Chaudhuri, Arjun Holbrook, Morris B. , (April 2001). The channel of effects from brand Trust and Brand Affect to Brand Performance: the Role of Brand loyalty. Journal of Marketing 90 Goldman, Jordan. Public Relations in the Marketing Mix, Lincolnwood, Ill. :NTC Business Books, 1984 Hesseldahl, Arik (2005). The numbers inside the new iPod. Business Week Schlender, Brent (2001). Apples 21st-Century Walkman. Fortune Donovan, Alan. (2006). Using an iPod with Linux. Technology Weekly, 84 Holdrum, Mike. (November 8, 1999) Great Age of the Brand. Advertising Age, 36 Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation is a site that provides full text of services the foundation offers. (http://www. komen. org) Wikipedia is a site that presents the full text of many essential works in the literature of many topics (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ipod) Global Reach Agency provides online marketing, multilingual Web promotion and Website translation. (http://www. glreach. com/) CIA provides fact book information on various countries (http://www. odci. gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/uk. html) Images provided from www. apple. com and www. ipod. com

What to Do When Your Green Card is Lost in the Mail

What to Do When Your Green Card is Lost in the Mail You aced your interview and received a note saying that youve been approved for permanent residence and your green card has been mailed. But now its a month later and you still havent received your green card. What do you do? If your green card has been lost in the mail, you will need to apply for a replacement card. This sounds simple, if a bit of a pain, until you learn that you may also have to pay another filing fee for the application and biometrics (rates can vary). This fee is in addition to what you paid for the initial green card application. Its enough to push even the most patient person over the edge. The rule is, if you do not receive the green card in the mail and USCIS mailed it to the address you provided but the card isnt returned to USCIS, then you must pay the full filing fee. (You can read this on the I-90 instructions, What is the Filing Fee?) If the undelivered card is returned to USCIS, you still need to file for a replacement card but the filing fee is waived. Here are some tips to consider when your green card is lost in the mail. Make Sure Youve Been Approved Sounds silly, but you want to be sure that youve actually been approved before you start rattling any cages. Have you received the approval letter or email? Has the card been mailed out? If you cant confirm this with the information you have, make an Infopass appointment at your local field office to find out the details. Wait 30 Days USCIS advises that you wait 30 days before assuming the card has been lost in the mail. This allows for time for the card to be mailed and returned to USCIS if undeliverable. Check With Your Post Office The Post Office is supposed to return the undelivered card to USCIS but just in case they havent, go to your local USPS office and ask if they have any undelivered mail in your name. Make an Infopass Appointment Even if you verified the details with by calling the 1-800 number for the National Customer Service Center, Id suggest double-checking the information at your local field office. Make an Infopass appointment and have them verify the address that the card was sent to and the date it was mailed. If the USCIS officer can confirm that it was sent to the correct address, its been more than 30 days since the card was mailed and the card has not been returned to USCIS, its time to move on. Contact Your Congressperson If youre lucky, your local Congressperson will agree with you that paying an additional fee for a replacement card is absurd, and offer to work with you to help USCIS see it in the same way. Ive read a few success stories from people in the same situation; it all depends on who you get. Find your House or Senate representative to learn how best to contact them. Most district offices will have caseworkers who help with federal agency problems. There is no guarantee that they will get the fees waived for you, but it has helped some people so its worth a try. File I-90 Application to Replace Permanent Resident Card Whether or not the card has been returned to USCIS, the only way to get a new card is to file Form I-90 Application to Replace Permanent Resident Card. If you need confirmation of your status to work or travel while its processing, make an Infopass appointment to get a temporary I-551 stamp until your new card arrives.

Strategies that Motivate Students Connected to Proverbs

Strategies that Motivate Students Connected to Proverbs A proverb is A proverb is a short, pithy statement of a general truth, one that condenses common experience into memorable form. Although proverbs are cultural statements, marking a particular time and place for their origin, they reflect the universal human experience. For example, proverbs are found in literature, as in Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet â€Å"He that is strucken blind cannot forgetThe precious treasure of his eyesight lost† (I.i) This proverb means that a man who loses his eyesight-or anything else of value- can never forget the importance of what has been lost. Another example, from  Aesop Fables  by Aesop: We should make sure that our own house is in order before we give advice to others. This proverb means we should act upon our own words, before advising others to do the same. Motivating students with Proverbs There are multiple ways to use proverbs in the 7-12 grade classroom. They can be used to inspire or to motivate students; they can be used as cautionary wisdom. As proverbs have all developed in some human experience, students and educators may recognize how these messages from the past can help inform their own experiences. Posting these proverbs around the classroom can bring about discussions in class as to their meaning and how these Old World sayings still are relevant today. Proverbs can also support motivational strategies that teachers may want to use  in the classroom. Here are eight (8) approaches to motivate students that can be implemented in any content area.  Each of these approaches is matched with supporting proverb(s) and the proverbs culture of origin, and links will connect educators to that proverb online. #1. ​​Model enthusiasm An educators enthusiasm about a specific discipline that is evident in each lesson is powerful and contagious for all students. Educators have the power to  raise students’ curiosity, even when students are not initially interested in the material. Educators should share why they first became interested in a subject,  how they  discovered their passion, and how they understand their desire to teach to share this passion. In other words, educators must model their motivation. â€Å"Wherever you go, go with all your heart.  (Confucius) Practice what you preach. (Bible) Once out of the throat it spreads over the world.(Hindu Proverb) #2. Provide relevance and choice: Making content relevant is critical to motivating students.  Students need to be shown or to establish a personal connection to the material taught in class. This personal connection may be emotional  or appeal to their background knowledge. No  matter how disinteresting a subjects content may seem, once students have determined that the content is worth knowing, the content will engage them.Allowing students to make choices increases their engagement. Giving students choice builds their capacity for responsibility and commitment. Offering choice communicates an educators respect for students’ needs and preferences. Choices also can help prevent disruptive behaviors.Without relevance and choice, students may disengage and lose the motivation to try. The road to the head lies through the heart.  (American Proverb) Let your nature be known and expressed.  (Huron Proverb) He is a fool who does not consider his own interests. (Maltese Proverb) Self interest will neither cheat nor lie, for that is the string in the nose that governs the creature.(American Proverb) #3. Praise student efforts: Everyone likes genuine praise, and educators can capitalize on this universal human desire for praise with their students. Praise is a powerful motivational strategy when it is part of constructive  feedback. Constructive feedback is nonjudgmental and acknowledges quality in order to stimulate advancement. Educators should stress opportunities that students can take to improve, and any negative comments must be associated with the product, not the student.   Praise youth and it will prosper. (Irish Proverb) As with children, there is no taking  away of what has been rightly given. (Plato) Do one thing at time, with supreme excellence.  (NASA) #4. Teach flexibility and adaptation Educators need to try to develop a students mental flexibility, or the ability to shift attention in response to changes in the environment. Modeling flexibility when things go wrong in the classroom, especially with technology, sends a powerful message to students. Coaching students to know when to let go of one idea to consider another can help each student meet success.   Its an ill plan that cannot be changed. (Latin Proverb) A reed before the wind lives on while mighty oaks do fall.   (Aesop) Sometimes you have to throw yourself into the fire to escape from the smoke  (Greek Proverb) Times change, and we with them. (Latin Proverb) #5. Provide opportunities that allow for failure Students operate in a culture that is risk-adverse; a culture where failure is not an option. However, research shows that failure is a powerful instructional strategy. Mistakes can be expected as a part of the application and experimentation taxonomy and allowing age-appropriate mistakes can increase confidence and problem solving skills.  Educators need to  embrace the concept that learning is a messy process and use mistakes as part of a discovery process in order to engage students.  Educators also need to provide safe spaces or structured environments for students to take intellectual risks to minimize some mistakes. Allowing for mistakes can give students the satisfaction  of reasoning through a problem and discovering the underlying principle on their own. Experience is the best teacher. (Greek Proverb) The harder you fall, the higher you bounce.  (Chinese Proverb) Men learn little from success, but much from failure.  (Arab Proverb)   Failure is not falling down but refusing to get up. (Chinese Proverb) Failing to plan is planning to fail  (English Proverb) #6.  Value student work Give students the chance to succeed. High standards for student work are fine, but it is important to make those standards clear and give students a chance to discover and meet them.   A man is judged by his work. (Kurdish Proverb) The achievement of all work is practice.  (Welsh Proverb) Remember that the only place where success  comes before work is in a dictionary. (American Proverb) #7. Teach stamina and perseverance Recent research on how the brain works confirms that the brains plasticity means that stamina and perseverance can be learned. Strategies for teaching stamina include repetition and sequencing activities with  increasing difficulty that offer a continual but reasonable challenge. Pray to God but continue to row to the shore.(Russian Proverb) It does not matter how slowly you go so long as you do not stop.  (Confucius) There is no Royal Road to learning.  (Euclid) Though the centipede has one of its legs broken, this does not affect its movement.  (Burmese Proverb) A habit is first a wanderer, then a guest, and finally the boss. (Hungarian Proverb) #8. Track improvement through reflection Students need to track their own leaning through ongoing reflection.  Whatever form the reflection takes, students need the opportunity to make sense of their learning experiences. They need to understand what choices they made, how their work changed, and what helped them learn to track their improvement Self-knowledge is the beginning of self-improvement.(Spanish Proverb) Nothing succeeds like success (French Proverb) Praise the bridge that carried you over. (English Proverb) No one can be an expected to be an expert at something before they have got the chance to practice it.  (Finnish Proverb) In conclusion: Although proverbs were born from Old World thinking, they still reflect the human experience of our students in the 21st Century. Sharing these proverbs with students can be part of making them feel connected, beyond time and place, to others. The messages of proverbs can help students better understand the reasons for the instructional strategies in place that can motivate them towards success.

The Grade I Deserve In This Course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Grade I Deserve In This Course - Essay Example Oftentimes I recognize that fellow students participate in classroom lectures and complete their homework not out of a genuine intellectual interest, but out of a desire to merely achieve a high grade. While I commend their standards and commitment to success I believe such an approach is not effective in gaining the greatest benefit from the course. During this course I have made my greatest effort to digest and appreciate the course material in a way wherein I would truly understand its deeper meaning and implication, both for the content as well as for improving my English writing skills. It follows that while others may appear to have outwardly been more involved in the course, I believe that my commitment and intellectual involvement are very high in terms of my own abilities, as well as relative to other students in the course. In examining the extent that I accomplished the goals of this course I believe I was highly successful. In these regards, I greatly improved my writing and linguistic abilities. I recognize my improvement in the increased ease I feel writing documents that in the past would have taken me a significant amount more time. Another element of my improved understanding is that I have increased my critical thinking skills. I believe that one of the central challenges of the course was approaching difficult or dense material and gaining a deeper understanding of this material’s central arguments. In the process of engaging with this challenging material I found that I began to develop increased strategies for tackling things that previously I would have simply ignored. I believe that these increased critical thinking skills, as evidenced both in my improved English writing and comprehension abilities, are perhaps the greatest things I gained from the course. Taking the cumulative impact of the previously articulated examples,

Decision Making Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decision Making Analysis - Essay Example Naturally, approaching this from a common sense standpoint, the individual is presented with the issue of how to justify the demands that are made by the hiring entity and the supervisor himself. As the case denoted, pressure is being placed upon the supervisor with regards to pressuring the decision-maker to engage in something of an unethical unit of behavior. Naturally, as a new employee, the hiring officer is hesitant to go against the will and intentions of his superiors. Yet, from an ethical standpoint, as well as the universalism promoted by Kant and the social justice theory promoted by Rawls, he in fact has no choice but to at least discuss the situation with the supervisor and see if some type of understanding/agreement can be settled upon that would maximize the utility and ethical approach for each and every individual within a given situation. Oftentimes, within a situation of work expectation and employment, and individual worker is presented with an ethical dilemma tha t does not readily lend itself to being interpreted to maximize the best good for each and every individual involved. ... What is noted all too often in the business world is that individuals are too timid to bring such situations to the light of day for fear that they might be somehow retaliated against for doing so. However, even if this is indeed the case, weighing the situation and allowing for a determination of maximal good to be understood, there is little moral or ethical choice but would allow for one’s superior to be notified of the implicit unfairness of the way in which this particular employment screening process is taking place. Rather than going directly to the boss and stating what is wrong, a much more tactful, and perhaps appropriate level of response, would be to merely mention the situation and ask if the manager/boss had any recommendations with regards to how the equity of the process could be improved upon. Once again, with regards to the case in question, it is the requirement of Joe to ensure that the issue is brought to the attention of the superiors as possibly represen ting an unethical and unfair hiring process. Whether or not he is rewarded or punished for this, it is the right choice not only with regards to the fairness and equity of the hiring process but also with regards to the safety that such a decision could mean with regards to litigation if such a hiring practice were ever leaked and came to the general knowledge of an individual who applied and did not get the job. In this way, the reward for doing the right thing and bringing this situation to the attention of his superiors also has the added reward of being able to provide a level of safety with regards to the role in which Joe might have otherwise played in such a scheme should it ever have been uncovered and litigated. There are few situations in which doing the right

Sir Karl Poppers Falsifiability Claim Essay -- Sir Karl Popper Scienc

Sir Karl Popper's Falsifiability Claim Popper asserts that "it is easy to obtain confirmations, or verifications, for nearly every theory--if we look for confirmations." Kuhn illustrates (page 6), in his discussion of cosmologies, that man needs a structure for his universe. Man needs to explain the physical relation between his personal habitat and nature in order to feel at home. Explaining this relation gives meaning to his actions. Moreover, Kuhn says observation is a double edged sword (page 7). This sword can confirm or conflict with cosmology which can destroy the theory. Kuhn discusses the astronomer (page 7), who because of his own world view (via his specialty) will not verify Milton's image of the Milky Way as being broad and ample or Shakespeare's vision of stars as night candles. Those descriptions don't tell the astronomer how far away the Milky Way, the Sun or Jupiter happen to be. Observations (page 26) are only clues to a mystery. The schema created by the observer can affect the results. "Therefore, observations like those discussed in the preceding sections could be collected and put in systematic form by men whose beliefs about the structure of the universe resembled those of the ancient Egyptians" (page 26). Kuhn discusses the functions of a conceptual scheme (page 36). He indicates that a theory deriving from observations can also transcend them. Kuhn says that since the two sphere universe is based on the human imagination of the obser...

Describe the global distribution of earthquakes Essay

According to plate tectonics, the global distribution of epicentres is related to boundaries between lithospheric plates. Earthquakes at plate boundaries are called interplate earthquakes. Less commonly, earthquakes also take place in plate interiors and these are called intraplate earthquakes. The most active region in the world corresponds to the margins of the Pacific Ocean. Earthquakes with large magnitudes take place along this zone in the Americas from the Aleutian Islands to southern Chile and from the Kamchatka peninsula in Asia to New Zealand. Besides shallow earthquakes, throughout most of this long region, intermediate and deep shocks take place along the margin of Central and South America and on the other side of the Pacific along the systems of island arcs (Aleutians, the Kuriles, Japan the Philippines) Another large seismically active region is known as the Mediterranean-Alpine-Himalayas region and extends from West to East from the Azores to the eastern coast of Asia. This region is related to the boundary between the plates of Eurasia to the North and Africa, Arabia, and India–Australia to the South. Its seismicity involves shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes. A third seismic region is formed by earthquakes located on ocean ridges that form the boundaries of oceanic plates, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East Pacific Rise, etc. In these regions earthquakes of shallow depths are concentrated in relatively narrow bands following the trend of the oceanic ridges. In general, boundaries between oceanic plates and between oceanic and continental plates have simpler distributions of seismicity than do boundaries between continental plates. Name two pieces of evidence that can be used to show the scale of the hazard at any one place. Comment on the reliability of such evidence. The most well known method of measuring the intensity of an earthquake is the Richter scale. The Richter scale is named after an American seismologist named Charles Francis Richter, and measures the amount of energy released at the focus of a quake. It uses a logarithmic scale that runs from â€Å"1† to â€Å"9. † Because this scale is logarithmic, each number is actually an increase of ten times than the number which precedes it. Thus, a 7. 0 earthquake is ten times more powerful than a 6. 0 and 100 times more powerful than a 5. 0. To allow a greater degree of precision, a decimal equivalent was provided. At one time it was believed that an earthquake with a magnitude of 8. 5 was the most powerful possible but new seismic measuring techniques have revealed that it is possible to reach 9. 5. This is reliable source as to how destructive an earthquake can be, although it does not specifically relate to how much damage will be caused, for example a less economically developed area which has a high population density will suffer greater loss than a more economically developed area which has better education, more stable buildings and emergency plans as well as sufficient communication. The intensity of an earthquake is a more reliable source of evidence as to how destructive an earthquake has been. Intensity of an earthquake depends on the distance from epicentre, and also on the local soil conditions, geology and topography. In a typical case, however, the largest intensity is observed in the vicinity of epicentre and it diminishes with the distance. It measures the total number of deaths and building failures. I believe this is more reliable as it measures the direct effect of the earthquake, for example, the total destruction of the land etc if directly proportional to the intensity and does not take into account the land use. Describe the effects of the hazard in the areas where it occurs. How earthquakes affect humans, buildings, and bridges depends on many factors. The most important factors are earthquake magnitude, the distance from the earthquake centre (called the epicentre), and the geologic conditions at a site Primary effects of earthquakes are caused directly by the earthquake and can include violent ground shaking motion accompanied by surface rupture and permanent displacement. The most significant societal impact of the Kobe earthquake was the tremendous loss of human life. In addition, for more than 300,000 survivors in the heavily impacted cities of Kobe, Ashiya, and Nishinomiya who were displaced from their homes, there were the hardships of finding shelter; securing food and water; locating friends and family members; and acquiring warm clothing for the cold, damp winter weather. Although relatives and friends took some of the displaced people in, and others possessed the means to relocate to hotels, those requiring emergency shelter reached a peak of 235,443 on the evening of January 17. Many camped in public parks or assembled makeshift shelters from materials salvaged from the wreckage of their homes. The 1,100 shelters included community centres, schools, and other available and undamaged public buildings. Facilities were too few to avoid severe crowding in some shelters, however, causing sanitation problems and increased risk of communicable disease. Indeed, two weeks after the earthquake, reports of influenza and pneumonia were common. Food, water for drinking and sanitation, blankets, and warm clothing were in short supply for at least the first few days after the earthquake, and many people from the hardest-hit wards made the long walk to the Nishinomiya Railway Station, journeyed to Osaka for necessities, then returned via rail with whatever they were able to transport by hand. Short-term secondary effects of earthquakes include liquefaction, landslides, fires, seismic sea waves (tsunami), and floods (following collapse of dams). Long-term secondary effects include regional subsidence or emergence of landmasses and regional changes in groundwater levels. Liquefaction is defined as the transformation of water saturated granular material from solid to a liquid state. During earthquakes, this may result from an increase in pore – water pressure caused by compaction during intense shaking. Liquefaction of near – surface water – saturated silts and sand causes the materials to lose their shear strength and flow. As a result, buildings may tilt or sink into the liquefied sediments; tanks or pipelines buried in the ground may float to the surface. Also the pressure generate by the shaking, forces the sand to loose its cohesive strength and to work more like a dense liquid. This leads to buildings collapsing and for sand to explode onto the surface to create ‘sand volcanoes’ and ‘boils’. Earthquake shaking commonly triggers many landslides (a comprehensive term for several types of hill slope failure) in hilly and mountainous areas. Landslides can be extremely destructive and cause great loss of life. Fire is a major secondary hazard associated with earthquakes. Shaking of the ground and surface displacements can break electrical power and gas lines and ignite fires. The threat from fire is doubled because fire-fighting equipment may be damage and water mains may be broken. The major cause of death form earthquakes is due to the collapse of buildings. The number of buildings destroyed by the Kobe earthquake exceeds 100,000, or approximately one in five buildings in the strongly shaken area. An additional 80,000 buildings were badly damaged. The large numbers of damaged traditional-style Japanese residences and small, traditional commercial buildings of three stories or less account for a great deal of the damage. In sections where these buildings were concentrated in the outlying areas of Kobe, entire blocks of collapsed buildings were common. The fires following the earthquake also destroyed several thousand buildings. Discuss the degree to which the hazard can be predicted and managed. Effective management of geological hazards is still an exclusive object for countries throughout the world. Experience has shown that, even in the most technologically developed countries, much remains to be achieved. Although considerable advances have been made in the field of geological hazard prediction, many geophysicists feel that accurate prediction of earthquakes may no longer be regarded as an achievable goal. Increasingly scientists and hazard managers are turning their attention to improving and adapting buildings and infrastructures that will withstand earthquakes. Hazard mapping, and land use zoning have important parts to play in the reduction of losses from earthquakes. The proper co-ordination of community awareness, evacuation procedures and effective response by public services is acquiring a much higher profile as a result of shortcomings revealed in recent events such as the Kobe and Armenian earthquakes. Administration of aid and relief programmes during the vital days after the occurrence of a disaster has often been criticised, particularly in the less economically developed countries, and much more competent use of resources is clearly required in many cases. Predictions of earthquakes are based largely on past patturns and generally tend to be imprecise. They are usually long term, and as we have seen, in the case of earthquakes it is unlikely that the location and magnitude of an event can be predicted with any accuracy. Forecasts are based on the evolution of an event through a series of stages that are increasingly well understood. In contrast to predictions, forecasts are often short-term and thus offer little time for effective warning to be given. Again little progress has been possible with seismic hazard forecasting. There has been considerable investment into the scientific prediction of earthquakes in areas such as the Kanto and Tokai regions of Japan and in California. In such densely urbanised and technologically complex areas the search for accurate prediction methods clearly justifies research costs. Seismic variations in the San Andreas Fault are well known. The section around the town of Parkfield is currently the site for an ongoing seismic prediction experiment. It appears that slips occur along this section of the fault at fairly regular intervals, averaging out at 22 years. The window of occurrence for the latest slip and earthquake was between1987 and 1993, but no major seismic event has yet occurred.