Sir Karl Poppers Falsifiability Claim Essay -- Sir Karl Popper Scienc

Sir Karl Popper's Falsifiability Claim Popper asserts that "it is easy to obtain confirmations, or verifications, for nearly every theory--if we look for confirmations." Kuhn illustrates (page 6), in his discussion of cosmologies, that man needs a structure for his universe. Man needs to explain the physical relation between his personal habitat and nature in order to feel at home. Explaining this relation gives meaning to his actions. Moreover, Kuhn says observation is a double edged sword (page 7). This sword can confirm or conflict with cosmology which can destroy the theory. Kuhn discusses the astronomer (page 7), who because of his own world view (via his specialty) will not verify Milton's image of the Milky Way as being broad and ample or Shakespeare's vision of stars as night candles. Those descriptions don't tell the astronomer how far away the Milky Way, the Sun or Jupiter happen to be. Observations (page 26) are only clues to a mystery. The schema created by the observer can affect the results. "Therefore, observations like those discussed in the preceding sections could be collected and put in systematic form by men whose beliefs about the structure of the universe resembled those of the ancient Egyptians" (page 26). Kuhn discusses the functions of a conceptual scheme (page 36). He indicates that a theory deriving from observations can also transcend them. Kuhn says that since the two sphere universe is based on the human imagination of the obser...

Describe the global distribution of earthquakes Essay

According to plate tectonics, the global distribution of epicentres is related to boundaries between lithospheric plates. Earthquakes at plate boundaries are called interplate earthquakes. Less commonly, earthquakes also take place in plate interiors and these are called intraplate earthquakes. The most active region in the world corresponds to the margins of the Pacific Ocean. Earthquakes with large magnitudes take place along this zone in the Americas from the Aleutian Islands to southern Chile and from the Kamchatka peninsula in Asia to New Zealand. Besides shallow earthquakes, throughout most of this long region, intermediate and deep shocks take place along the margin of Central and South America and on the other side of the Pacific along the systems of island arcs (Aleutians, the Kuriles, Japan the Philippines) Another large seismically active region is known as the Mediterranean-Alpine-Himalayas region and extends from West to East from the Azores to the eastern coast of Asia. This region is related to the boundary between the plates of Eurasia to the North and Africa, Arabia, and India–Australia to the South. Its seismicity involves shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes. A third seismic region is formed by earthquakes located on ocean ridges that form the boundaries of oceanic plates, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, East Pacific Rise, etc. In these regions earthquakes of shallow depths are concentrated in relatively narrow bands following the trend of the oceanic ridges. In general, boundaries between oceanic plates and between oceanic and continental plates have simpler distributions of seismicity than do boundaries between continental plates. Name two pieces of evidence that can be used to show the scale of the hazard at any one place. Comment on the reliability of such evidence. The most well known method of measuring the intensity of an earthquake is the Richter scale. The Richter scale is named after an American seismologist named Charles Francis Richter, and measures the amount of energy released at the focus of a quake. It uses a logarithmic scale that runs from â€Å"1† to â€Å"9. † Because this scale is logarithmic, each number is actually an increase of ten times than the number which precedes it. Thus, a 7. 0 earthquake is ten times more powerful than a 6. 0 and 100 times more powerful than a 5. 0. To allow a greater degree of precision, a decimal equivalent was provided. At one time it was believed that an earthquake with a magnitude of 8. 5 was the most powerful possible but new seismic measuring techniques have revealed that it is possible to reach 9. 5. This is reliable source as to how destructive an earthquake can be, although it does not specifically relate to how much damage will be caused, for example a less economically developed area which has a high population density will suffer greater loss than a more economically developed area which has better education, more stable buildings and emergency plans as well as sufficient communication. The intensity of an earthquake is a more reliable source of evidence as to how destructive an earthquake has been. Intensity of an earthquake depends on the distance from epicentre, and also on the local soil conditions, geology and topography. In a typical case, however, the largest intensity is observed in the vicinity of epicentre and it diminishes with the distance. It measures the total number of deaths and building failures. I believe this is more reliable as it measures the direct effect of the earthquake, for example, the total destruction of the land etc if directly proportional to the intensity and does not take into account the land use. Describe the effects of the hazard in the areas where it occurs. How earthquakes affect humans, buildings, and bridges depends on many factors. The most important factors are earthquake magnitude, the distance from the earthquake centre (called the epicentre), and the geologic conditions at a site Primary effects of earthquakes are caused directly by the earthquake and can include violent ground shaking motion accompanied by surface rupture and permanent displacement. The most significant societal impact of the Kobe earthquake was the tremendous loss of human life. In addition, for more than 300,000 survivors in the heavily impacted cities of Kobe, Ashiya, and Nishinomiya who were displaced from their homes, there were the hardships of finding shelter; securing food and water; locating friends and family members; and acquiring warm clothing for the cold, damp winter weather. Although relatives and friends took some of the displaced people in, and others possessed the means to relocate to hotels, those requiring emergency shelter reached a peak of 235,443 on the evening of January 17. Many camped in public parks or assembled makeshift shelters from materials salvaged from the wreckage of their homes. The 1,100 shelters included community centres, schools, and other available and undamaged public buildings. Facilities were too few to avoid severe crowding in some shelters, however, causing sanitation problems and increased risk of communicable disease. Indeed, two weeks after the earthquake, reports of influenza and pneumonia were common. Food, water for drinking and sanitation, blankets, and warm clothing were in short supply for at least the first few days after the earthquake, and many people from the hardest-hit wards made the long walk to the Nishinomiya Railway Station, journeyed to Osaka for necessities, then returned via rail with whatever they were able to transport by hand. Short-term secondary effects of earthquakes include liquefaction, landslides, fires, seismic sea waves (tsunami), and floods (following collapse of dams). Long-term secondary effects include regional subsidence or emergence of landmasses and regional changes in groundwater levels. Liquefaction is defined as the transformation of water saturated granular material from solid to a liquid state. During earthquakes, this may result from an increase in pore – water pressure caused by compaction during intense shaking. Liquefaction of near – surface water – saturated silts and sand causes the materials to lose their shear strength and flow. As a result, buildings may tilt or sink into the liquefied sediments; tanks or pipelines buried in the ground may float to the surface. Also the pressure generate by the shaking, forces the sand to loose its cohesive strength and to work more like a dense liquid. This leads to buildings collapsing and for sand to explode onto the surface to create ‘sand volcanoes’ and ‘boils’. Earthquake shaking commonly triggers many landslides (a comprehensive term for several types of hill slope failure) in hilly and mountainous areas. Landslides can be extremely destructive and cause great loss of life. Fire is a major secondary hazard associated with earthquakes. Shaking of the ground and surface displacements can break electrical power and gas lines and ignite fires. The threat from fire is doubled because fire-fighting equipment may be damage and water mains may be broken. The major cause of death form earthquakes is due to the collapse of buildings. The number of buildings destroyed by the Kobe earthquake exceeds 100,000, or approximately one in five buildings in the strongly shaken area. An additional 80,000 buildings were badly damaged. The large numbers of damaged traditional-style Japanese residences and small, traditional commercial buildings of three stories or less account for a great deal of the damage. In sections where these buildings were concentrated in the outlying areas of Kobe, entire blocks of collapsed buildings were common. The fires following the earthquake also destroyed several thousand buildings. Discuss the degree to which the hazard can be predicted and managed. Effective management of geological hazards is still an exclusive object for countries throughout the world. Experience has shown that, even in the most technologically developed countries, much remains to be achieved. Although considerable advances have been made in the field of geological hazard prediction, many geophysicists feel that accurate prediction of earthquakes may no longer be regarded as an achievable goal. Increasingly scientists and hazard managers are turning their attention to improving and adapting buildings and infrastructures that will withstand earthquakes. Hazard mapping, and land use zoning have important parts to play in the reduction of losses from earthquakes. The proper co-ordination of community awareness, evacuation procedures and effective response by public services is acquiring a much higher profile as a result of shortcomings revealed in recent events such as the Kobe and Armenian earthquakes. Administration of aid and relief programmes during the vital days after the occurrence of a disaster has often been criticised, particularly in the less economically developed countries, and much more competent use of resources is clearly required in many cases. Predictions of earthquakes are based largely on past patturns and generally tend to be imprecise. They are usually long term, and as we have seen, in the case of earthquakes it is unlikely that the location and magnitude of an event can be predicted with any accuracy. Forecasts are based on the evolution of an event through a series of stages that are increasingly well understood. In contrast to predictions, forecasts are often short-term and thus offer little time for effective warning to be given. Again little progress has been possible with seismic hazard forecasting. There has been considerable investment into the scientific prediction of earthquakes in areas such as the Kanto and Tokai regions of Japan and in California. In such densely urbanised and technologically complex areas the search for accurate prediction methods clearly justifies research costs. Seismic variations in the San Andreas Fault are well known. The section around the town of Parkfield is currently the site for an ongoing seismic prediction experiment. It appears that slips occur along this section of the fault at fairly regular intervals, averaging out at 22 years. The window of occurrence for the latest slip and earthquake was between1987 and 1993, but no major seismic event has yet occurred.

Immigration Speech A Nation Of Immigrants - 1194 Words

On November 20, 2014, President Barack Obama stated, in his immigration speech, â€Å"My fellow Americans, we are and always will be a nation of immigrants.† This has been and still is one of America’s fundamental ideals. Immigrants have helped sustain America and have contributed their entire lives to the benefit of our nation. They have come to play a large role in the American economy and we must help them overcome the barrier that prevents many of them from contributing to the United States. In order to allow immigrants to achieve their full potential, we, as a nation, must provide services for immigrants who cannot read or understand English, increase security along America’s borders, and stop wasting resources on deporting harmless undocumented workers. Since many immigrants from third-world countries don’t receive a proper education, they often don’t have the opportunity to learn English. These people come to America seeking better education and more opportunities for their children. However, in order to receive these benefits for their children, they must first become U.S. Citizens. A major requirement to become a Citizen is the ability to read, write, and speak basic English, but many immigrants did not receive the education they needed to properly accomplish this. According to the Pew Hispanic Center, â€Å"about four-in-ten [Latin American and Caribbean immigrants] say the primary reason for not naturalizing is either personal or administrative barriers . . . Among thoseShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Barack Obamas Speech1167 Words   |  5 Pagesillegal immigration. There have been an influx of illegal immigrants crossing the southern border and trying to thrive and achieve the American dream however people oppose that because illegal immigrants can pose a threat to the American country due to the number of drug cartels which run in Mexico. The United States of America’s former president, Barack Obama addre sses the nation over the crises of immigration. Obama writes the speech because of the conflict of multiple illegal immigrants floodingRead MoreImmigration Reform : The United States1312 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration reform is one of the most controversial topic in the U.S. The Democrats and Republicans are having a tug of war over finding a solution to allowing illegal immigrants grant citizenship and allowing their families to stay in the this country. Just last month, President Obama had a televised executive decision talking about immigration reform. President Obama discussed how the executive decisions like providing legal status and work permits for more than 5 million immigrants, making theRead MoreSynthesis Essay Eng 1021126 Words   |  5 PagesRight Road to America† she argues the point that immigration is a great value of this country and that America was built from immigrants. One thing differs from Chua’s essay than from others because she not only gi ves highly credible facts on how immigrants have helped our country, but she also provides ways to improve the issues of immigration into America. Amy Chua is a highly credible professor at Yale and states throughout her essay that immigrants who possess American values deserve to be hereRead MoreBarack Obama Speech On Immigration Speech Summary742 Words   |  3 PagesOn November 20, 2014, Former President of United States of America, Barack Obama gave a speech on immigration at the White House. This topic concerned ample families in the United States of America, as a lot of them are not legally residing in the states and the other families who are citizens and documented are threatened by the increasing number of illegal immigrants because they might become their competition in employment, education and business opportunities. Barack Obama Addressed these concernsRead MoreIllegal Immigrants And Illegal Immigration964 Words   |  4 PagesAttention Step (quotation, question, or story) About four months ago in government class, we had a class discussion. The topic was illegal immigration. One student said that America should send the illegal immigrants back to their country because they are taking American’s jobs. He stated that he would send his dad back to Mexico because he is an illegal immigrant. Going around the circle that we created, everyone gave their opinions, most disagreed, but some agreed with the student. When it was myRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of President Clintons Speech On Diversity710 Words   |  3 PagesPresident Clinton delivered a speech on diversity in the summer of 1998 for the commencement of the graduating class at Portland State University. He begins his speech addressing the fact that our world is becoming more diverse and now is the time that everyone begins to accept that fact. Because of the impact of different diversity and cultures we can grow and become stronger as a nation. Even though that there will be struggles with discrimination between others based on race or other differencesRead MoreThe Issue Of Immigration Is The United States For Many Years And Its Views On The Matter1450 Words   |  6 Pagesrecent presidential candidate speeches, Donald Trump addresses immigration and his views on the matter. After hearing him address this very controversial topic I became very interested. Immigration has been a major issue in the United States for many years and it comes with its own set of positive and negative consequences. Many people hold different stances on whether or not illegal immigration is actually an issue or not. In his speech, Donald Trump bluntly lets America know how he feels about itRead MoreThe Executive Order : President Obama s Immigration Reform1221 Words   |  5 PagesObama’s Immigration Reform In 1986 Ronald Regan signed into law the Immigration Reform and Control Act, an amnesty act that would alleviate the current immigration problems. Through this law, out of five million illegal immigrants, an estimated four million could have applied to become legal U.S. Citizens. This law was supposed to put a definite stop to illegal immigration into the United States. However, ever since the law was enacted, statistics show that the numbers of illegal immigrants in theRead MoreUnited States s Speech On Immigration System1091 Words   |  5 Pagesthese process has been processed until today around the world, despite for more reasons and subjects. For more than 200 years, our tradition of welcoming immigrants from around the world has given us a tremendous advantage over other nations.(Lindsey, 2014) Obama stated to begin his speech about immigration system. International immigrants are the significant labor source and they partially contribute to generating GDP for the US. There are many reasons for a person to migrate to another countryRead MoreThese Quotas Made It Very Clear On Who Was And Was Not1628 Words   |  7 PagesThese quotas made it very clear on who was and was not wanted in the United States. Certain countries had a quota number that was much lower than others. That difference in number was a game changer in how easy or how hard it was for distinct immigrants to come over. The 1920s exposed many fears for Americans already settled in the United States. Some people felt threatened by other religious groups, â€Å"Booker T. Washington, also wanted restrictions because they saw the new comers as added competitions

How Public Health System Helps Improve The Quality Of Life...

Public health has developed to address several issues, including chronic diseases, infectious diseases, birth defects, injury prevention, violence, and bioterrorism. The knowledge gained through the social sciences, Biostatistics, epidemiology, laboratory science, pharmacology, proteomics, genomics and biochemistry has facilitated the advancement and growth of public health. In addition, the involved practitioners vary. In addition to the nurses, doctors, nutritionists, and engineers, the system has embraced different professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. These specialists are in the fields of communication and demography among others. Further, the system, based on interventions and strategies that focus on wellness and prevention rather than sickness and disease, promotes collaborative efforts in efforts to improve the quality of life and health of people, families, as well as communities. The developments in public health are based on an understanding of different factors that influence people’s health and wellbeing. These aspects typically constitute a complex interplay of biological, behavioral, socioeconomic and environmental factors (CDC, 2005). The public health system seeks to obtain the best outcomes by actively managing these factors at an early stage. However, it is not easy to implement prevention interventions or practices. Therefore, public health necessitates sustained action by the government, communities, individuals and families to minimizeShow MoreRelatedPublic Health Services For Nhs England1445 Words   |  6 Pagesthere for many people suffering from mental health issues, drug or alcohol abuse or even for servicemen and women who have been injured in the armed forces. Public health services commissioned not only by the CCGs but also by PHE whom also works closely with NHS England and the department of health to be provided. These services should aim to provide efficient healthcare to people living within UK. Primary care is what patients mainly look out for when they are in need of help- health wise. It isRead MoreThe Role Of Governmental Public Health Agencies Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesHealth care is the true measure of a country is how a country responds to the health of its people. A country that has a strong emphasis on its health care and focuses the delivery of that care speaks volumes of that country. In this paper, we will be comparing and contrasting the role of governmental public health agencies in two different countries. While looking at these similarities and differences in the way two countries operate their individual, healthcare systems, we will also equate theRead MorePublic Health Systems Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesChanges in the Public Health Systems As county programs, the AAHP reach out to the volunteers and executive committee in the county for the program to advocate for program funding for the services. Vendors provide free non-profit assistance in various ways to increase awareness and the services. In addition, there is coalitions work that promotes quality living in the focus areas for maternal and child health to prevent infant mortality and HIV/AIDS and another group focuses on diabetes and cardiovascularRead MoreThe Healthcare System Of The United Kingdom Health Care System Essay940 Words   |  4 PagesThe Health care system consist of a huge organization and that has become an increasingly popular subject. There has been much debate on the best ways to implement changes that can provide more access to healthcare, better quality and reduce cost. According to Sultz and Young (2014) consuming over 17% of the nation’s gross domestic product, exceeding 2.7 trillion dollars in cost, and employing a workforce of ove r 16 million, it is understandable that health care occupies a central position in AmericanRead MoreA Brief Note On The Healthcare Reform Act1359 Words   |  6 PagesReform Act was passed to help lighten restraints to access to care, in 2010. With the multitude of legislation, guidelines, and rules enforced by bureaucracy offices, private division underwriters, and institutes, nurses are challenged concerning the intertwine fluxes of budget limitations and the ability to provide for proper quality of care. As a result of the limited access to adequate health care services, there are multiple problems that surround the health care systems need for policy changeRead MoreQuality Of Care For Maternal And Newborn Health1265 Words   |  6 Pages05/03/2015 Professor Surles Health Quality Quality of care for maternal and newborn health has been an agenda that has been neglected. Many women experience disrespectful, abusive, or neglectful treatment during child birth in facilities.Woman autonomy are being violated, leaving women without the choice to seek the proper maternal health care services.Quality care for women and newborns morality has been seeking less attention.issues with quality of care must improve deaths of mothers and newbornsRead MoreA Brief Note On The Affordable Care Act1447 Words   |  6 PagesAffordable Care Act was passed to help lighten restraints to access to care. With the multitude of legislation, guidelines, and rules enforced by bureaucracy offices, private division underwriters, and institutes, nurses are challenged concerning the intertwine fluxes of budget limitations and the ability to provide to proper quality of care. As a result of the limited access to adequate healthcare services, there are multiple problems that surround the hea lthcare systems need for policy change. The issuesRead MoreCost And Quality Of Healthcare1082 Words   |  5 PagesCost and Quality in Healthcare When it comes to improving healthcare, one must be focused not only on quality but also on cost. The question is then raised: Will higher cost result in higher quality care or will higher quality care help control costs? It is no secret that healthcare is incredibly expensive in the United States. Despite healthcare in the United States being 50 – 200% more expensive that in other economically developed countries, life expectancy rates and quality indicator scoresRead MoreHealth Disparities And The Health1055 Words   |  5 PagesHealth disparities is the major differences in the health status involving different groups of people according to their age, race, cultural. Some groups of people have higher rates of certain diseases, more deaths and suffering compared to others. Health disparities are also the differences that arise in the delivery of healthcare and access to healthcare across different racial, ethnic and socioeconomic groups. In spite of trying to have stable change and enhancement in the health of the UnitedRead MoreQuality Of Care For Maternal And Newborn Health1721 Words   |  7 Pages12/06/2015 Professor Surles Quality of care for maternal and newborn health has been an agenda that has been neglected. Many women experience disrespectful, abusive, or neglectful treatment during child birth in facilities.Woman autonomy are being violated, leaving women without the choice to seek the proper maternal health care services. Quality care for women and newborns morality has been seeking less attention.issues with quality of care must improve deaths of mothers and newborns has

The French Revolution - 1460 Words

The initial impulse of the French revolution was destructive. For those who lived through all, or even part, of these vast upheavals, the shock was overwhelming. Maximilien Robespierre was a proud disciple of the enlightenment and declared that no political writer had foreseen this revolution. Robespierre (1758-1794) was one of the leaders of the Committee of Public Safety, the effective governing body of France during the most radical phase of the revolution. The leaders of this revolution attempted, perhaps more than any other revolutionary leaders before or since, to totally transform human society in every way. (Supreme Being) Although Robespierre began with patriotic intent he still was the face of the Reign of Terror and was viewed as being a radical person. On February 5,1794 Robespierre wrote a speech justifying the use of terror in the French government. He talks about how if people themselves are corrupted then liberty is lost and you might as well start over. Robespierre would stop at nothing to get rid of anyone who opposed the revolution. â€Å"it rallies all vicious men against us, all those who in their hearts contemplated despoiling the people and all those who intend to let it be despoiled with impunity, both those who have rejected freedom as a personal calamity and those who have embraced the revolution as a career and the Republic as prey.† (Use of Terror) He is saying that the anti revolutionists rally all these angry men together and try to hurt France asShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution And French Revolutions2006 Words   |  9 PagesAlthough the American and French revolutions both took place in the late 18th century, both fought for independence, and both portrayed patriotism, the revolutions are markedly different in their origins; one which led to the world’s longest lasting democracy and the other to a Napoleonic Dictatorship. Political revolutions in America and France happened because people felt dissatisfied with the way their country was run. In North America they rebelled against rule from a foreign power, they wantedRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe French Revolution was a time rife with violence, with many revolutionaries using extreme actions to overturn the French Monarchy and create a government based on equality and justice, rather than tyranny and despotism. This violence reached gruesome and terrible heights throughout the revolution, but was justified by the revolutionaries, who believed that their goals of total equality, the end of tyranny, and the return to a virtuous society, allowed them to use means necessary to attain theseRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1321 Words   |  6 Pages The French Revolution The French Revolution was an iconic piece of history that help shape the world. It was a time were great battles occurred. Blood sheds happen almost every day. The streets were red by the blood of bodies that were dragged from being beheaded. The economy was in bad shape. But before all of this the French had a few goals but there was one goal that they all wanted and that was to get rid of the monarchy. This idea did not arrive out of nowhere, the commoners were influenceRead MoreThe Revolution Of The French Revolution1040 Words   |  5 PagesWhile there were political and social causes of The French Revolution the most important cause was actually economic. A few years before the French’s revolution the French spent approximately 1.3 billion livres, 13 billion dollars, on the American Revolution. This gracious contribution caused trouble at home. The French Revolution was one of the most important events in history. While it changed the social structure in France it also affected many different countries across the world. â€Å"the treeRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1640 Words   |  7 Pages The French Revolution is often seen as one of the most influential and significant events in world history (Voices 9). The surge of rebellion present in those against the old regime, or Ancien Rà ©gime, inspired reformers for generations to come. Nevertheless, the French Revolution would not have occurred without the aid of the Enlightenment Thinkers, or Philosophà ©s. These Philosophà ©s’ ideas sparked the French Revolution. Prior to the French Revolution, France was radically different. It was theRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1336 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis The French Revolution was such an important time history. Not only was it a massacre with many lives being lost, including that of Queen Marie Antoinette and her husband King Louis XVI, it was also a time of great political turmoil which would turn man against man that being the case of Edmond Burke and Thomas Paine. Edmond Burke a traditionalist who believed the people should be loyal to the king against his former friend, Thomas Paine a free thinker who believed in order for things toRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1223 Words   |  5 Pages French Revolution As the Enlightenment began in the middle of the 17th century, people began to use reason rather than stick to tradition. New Enlightenment ideas spread throughout Europe such as ideas on government. Enlightenment thinkers such as Rousenan believed that the best government was one formed with the general consent of the people. Other Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire and Montesquieu believed in freedom of speech and a separation of power within the government. All of theseRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1221 Words   |  5 PagesWhen people think of the French Revolution, they immediately think of the country of France and how the Revolution affected it. What most people do not think about however, is how the Revolution affected other countries, specifically the country of England. England was affected positively and negatively by the Revolution in that there was an increase of political involvement, but there was a collapse in the economy due to war declared by France. The French Revolution created a battle of conflictingRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1180 Words   |  5 PagesLooking at the historical timeline, one can see that the French Revolution derived after the Enlightenment, which brought different ways of thinking, and different outlooks on government and society (553),(555),(558). The Enlightenment also changed the world of public debate, and established some ideas central to the French Revolution. The French Revolution of 1789 occurred due to government debt, class conflict, bankruptcy, the Enlightenment, and the rule of absolutism. These social, economic, andRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution1305 Words   |  6 Pages The French Revolution (1789-1814) was a period that affected the outcome of world history tremendously. This is considered a major turning point in European history which has led to dramatic changes in France and other regions of the world. Various social and political issues led to the start of the revolution. Politically, France suffered under the rule of Louis XVI, who ruled by absolute monarchy. Many people had their natural rights renounced and weren’t able to have a political voice. Socially

Safe Survivable and Effective Combat Systems for U.S. Military Personnel Free Essays

The changes that are happening in the society have paved the way for different developments and threats to become observable in various countries. The advancement of science and technology, the advent of globalization, and other phenomena have created different advantageous effects to the everyday lives of people. However, development in various fields also come with it different threats, especially when it comes to the security and welfare of citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on Safe Survivable and Effective Combat Systems for U.S. Military Personnel or any similar topic only for you Order Now The dangers and risks to the security and welfare of citizens is greatly observable during the 9/11 terrorist attacks that caused destruction of different infrastructures and numerous casualties. Due to this incident and also other terrorist attacks that happen in different parts of the world, the importance of military personnel and other individuals that have the responsibility of protecting and safeguarding the welfare and safety of people have become more important than ever. Being the case, it is essential that the safe survivable and effective combat systems for United States military personnel are given due attention and importance. As methods of warfare and terrorism are developing in a rapid pace, it is also pivotal that safe survivable and effective combat systems for the United States military are also further developed. United States military personnel have to be properly equipped with the necessary knowledge, skills, and resources to properly and effectively perform their duties and responsibilities. The facilities that will be given focused in the project will emphasize the development that need to be done in safe survivable and effective combat systems. The strength of military capabilities is recognized as the foundation of the political prominence of the United States. The prominent role of the United States in the international arena is brought about by the military strength of the country, which becomes observable starting the Cold War. The military capabilities of the United States are necessary in order to secure the welfare of Americans. The strength and development of the United States military are heavily dependent upon the advancement of science, technology, and economic resources (Bolt et al. , 2005). Being the case, focusing the project on safe survivable and effective combat systems for the United States is justified and appropriate because it gives due consideration to the political role of the country and the welfare of the people. The project will also give importance to the seven ASIS guidelines because it provides the consensus regarding the general practices when it comes to the performance of security risk assessment. The seven-step process is an outline, â€Å"which comprises system and assess identification, specification of vulnerabilities, determining risk probabilities and event impact, developing risk mitigation options, studying the feasibility of options, and performing a cost/benefit analysis† (Landoll, 2006, p. 22). Among the seven-step process, the most challenging to complete are the first parts of the ASIS guidelines, namely: identity assets, specify loss events, and frequency of events because it requires intensive research and the collection of related data. In addition, it is also difficult to properly identify and assess the impact of events because it needs the appropriate standard of measurement in order to examine the actually impacts of the events. Contrary to the usual perception that the cost/benefit analysis is the most difficult part of the seven-step ASIS guideline, it is actually the least demanding to complete because of the needed data in order to make a comprehensive and reliable analysis are already available. The advantages of focusing the project on safe survivable and effective combat systems are observable in the range of literature that can be used when it comes to the research of the topic. There are different researchers and authors who have also explored the subject of safe survivable and effective combat in relation to the United States military personnel. On the other hand, the there are also disadvantages in using the aforementioned topic, as the focus of the project. First, since military personnel are the main subjects of the study, it is very difficult to gain the actual perspective, opinion, and experiences of these people because of the strict military rule and conduct that they abide to. Second, the development of science and technological when it comes to the field of military is often done in strict confidentiality, which can make it difficult to actual identify and study the level of development of safe survivable and effective combat systems. Nevertheless, despite the disadvantages of the topics of the project, it is still beneficial to study the safe survivable and effective combats because of the purpose and advantages objectives in conducting the study. Moreover, there will always be a source of data even though there are difficulties in acquiring some of it. In order to complete the seven steps of ASIS General Security Assessment, the process of doing the project will largely rely on the acquisition of data through research. The sources of research that will be done includes studying related literature when it comes to the topic wherein other studies will be use in order to obtain the necessary data for the project. In addition, the participation of the military population will also become helpful wherein a sample population can be interviewed or survey in order to identify the perspective and opinion of United States military personnel, which can generalized a substantial portion of the of the population. In terms of determining the probability of loss risk, frequency of events, and impacts of events a mixed methodology of both qualitative and quantitative risk assessment will be used. The project will take into focus the safe survivable and effective combat systems for United States military personnel by performing document research through the use of policy papers, organizational articles, and other similar documents. In the same manner, quantitative risk assessment will be done wherein the surveyed perspective and experiences of military personnel will be used. The security solutions and the feasibility of implementation study will be identified through the use of data obtained from the other steps of the ASIS guidelines. The use of the gathered data will enable the project to clearly identify the problem and its corresponding solutions. Furthermore, the cost/benefit analysis of safe survivable and effective combat systems will be properly done through the accomplishment of the preceding steps of the ASIS guideline. The corresponding cost and benefits of the decision that would be done in order to develop the aforementioned area will properly done through the previous steps, which are accomplished through the use of research, document analysis, and survey. The use of the mixed methodology will give substantive data that will allow the proper analysis of cost and benefits of the project, which in turn, will help in making the appropriate decisions regarding the development of safe survivable and effective combat systems for United States military personnel. How to cite Safe Survivable and Effective Combat Systems for U.S. Military Personnel, Papers

Development of Leadership Attributes and Organizational Governance

Question: Discuss about the Personal Attributes Upon the Development of Leadership and Organizational Governance. Answer: Self analysis and reflection The personality traits are the key of developing professional skills and competencies among individuals. It is because the individuals personality attributes has significant contribution in shaping and developing proper professional skills, thereby determining the career pathway. A lot of different personality attributes are needed to determine the career path in a professional journey Rego et al., (2012). Here in this assignment, the influence of personal attributes upon the development of leadership would be demonstrated. To understand own personality traits, self assessment is needed. For self-assessment, there are several diagnostic tools, which include some questionnaire, answering those questions, one can find out personality traits. Analyzing and understanding the personality attributes is also important for identifying the potentiality of being a leader in professional field. Leaders are the people, who can shape others professional skills and leaders provide guidelines to the followers to improve their professional skills. The leadership qualities and competencies are developed on the basis of their personality attributes, i.e. the persons own feelings and traits help in building up his or her leadership traits. Therefore, a good personality holder can become a good leader. Here, to test my own personality traits, I have selected two diagnostic tools, i.e. the big five personality test and the authentic leadership questionnaire. Both of these diagnostic tools attempt to analyze the personality traits through attempting some questions, which are based on some personality traits. Answering those questions help to find out some specific personality traits in the person attempting the test. Big five personality test data: Factor 1- 63 Factor 2- 22 Factor 3- 62 Factor 4- 80 Factor 5- 11 ALQ test data: Self awareness- 11 Internalized moral perspectives- 16 Balanced processing- 3 Relational transparency- 16 In the big five personality test, five factors are analyzed including extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness to experience. On the other hand, in case of ALQ test, internalized moral perspectives, self awareness, balanced processing and relational transparency are assessed. In case of big five personality trait, extroversion is is the personality trait of seeking execution from sources in community. High scorers are likely to be very social while low scorers favour to work alone. The next trait is agreeableness, which reflects a lot of people change their behaviour to suit others. High scorers are naturally polite people. Low scorers are likely to be ruder and disagree with others thought. The third personality trait is conscientiousness, high score indicates being honest and hardworking, follow the rules and systematic work; whereas low scores may cheat others. Next trait is neuroticism, which indicates how emotional the person is. The final trait is openness to experience, indicate seeking new experience and intellectual detection. High scores might day dream much, whereas, low scorers might be very down to earth (Rego et al., 2012). In this test, I have scored 63, 62, 80, 22, 11 and in the above mentioned five personality factors. These results have been calculated in percentile, indicating that I have a moderately high score in extroversion, moderately high score in agreeableness, a significantly high score in conscientiousness, a low score in emotional stability or neuroticism and a very low score in imagination or openness to experience Avey et al., (2011). Therefore, from this personal trait analysis, I have identified that I am a social person, which is an important trait needed by a leader, to understand the social background. Next, I am friendly and optimistic, having the capability to agree with others thought, it would help me to include the right things from others opinion in an organizational decision. On the other hand, it has also been found that I am significantly careful and responsible person, leaders need to undertake responsibility of the followers in correct manner, which I can complete signif icantly. However, I found from the test that my emotional stability is poor, which is significantly required by a leader. For this the self-esteem and self confidence needed to be higher. Moreover, I have also poor capability of imagination. Leaders need to construct ideas for being used in business development; thus I need to improve this area of my professional and personal trait. From the ALQ test, I have scored 11 in self awareness, 16 in Internalized moral perspectives, 13 in Balanced processing and 16 in Relational transparency. In this scale, the score between 16-20 is high and score below 15 is considered as low score. Thus, I revealed that I have significant capability of internalizing moral perspectives, that means my core values and morals are reflected through my work; whereas a low score of my self-awareness revealed that my self confidence and self-esteem are also low. I need to be more sure regarding my own capabilities to construct strong leadership. On the other hand, relational transparency score is high, indicating that I am good in relationship building and working with others, which is key characteristic of a leader. On the other hand, have also low score in balance processing, indicating that I am unable to control and work according to the external influences, which I need to strengthen. In this context, during my own practice, 6 month before, I experienced an incident, when I faced conflicts between two of my colleagues; I attempted to mitigate their issues. They were unwilling to listen to each others decision regarding teamwork and I attempted to listen both of their problem and asked them to discuss about their conflict with other team members, however, while attempting to provide them guidance, I attempted to explain my personal experience to them for motivating them and I expressed my inappropriate expression, showing low emotional stability. This incident is evident through the low neuroticism score in big five personality test. Thus, I need to build on my emotional stability to be an efficient leader in future days. On the other hand, in the next experience, in my professional field, when I got influenced by one of my colleague with a wrong professional decision. Although a leader should have more self-confidence, which would not let others to manipulate to i nfluence him towards a decision. However, I was influenced, due to lack of my self-confidence. Thus, I also need to develop on this section of my personality trait, i.e. need to be more confident regarding my values, perspectives and my own attributes; for being an efficient and potential leader in future. Literature Review Self confidence is individuals personal judgement, ability or power, which is strengthens with experiences of having mastered particular activities (Tierney Farmer, 2011). In other words, self confidence defines whether one can be able to complete a task, what he wishes to do or not. Self confidence is a key professional attribute for leaders, as leaders are responsible for shaping their followers professional attributes and strong self confidence makes a leader more efficient in achieving the targets, which he wants to accomplish by his team. Self confidence includes self esteem and self assurance along with the perception that one can make a difference, which is important for leaders to undertake actions at risky situation and accomplish high goals. Self-confidence is the primary basis from which leadership develops. Dinh and Lord (2012) attributed that trying to teach leadership without first building confidence is like building a house on a foundation of sand. Leadership is demo nstrated as consisting the confidence for making decisions. Once a leader is afraid or shaky to make and execute a decision, all the communication, empowerment, motivation will not prove the required quality of a leader. It allows the leader to lead meetings with authority, to accept and open communication. Schafer (2013) attributed that greater employees observe a leaders force of will; the more faith is build up towards the company and its mission. When a leader shows high self confidence, it becomes simpler to trust that leader and people want to work with leaders they trust. However, self confidence is crucial asset in comparison to skill, knowledge ad experience. Building leadership visibility, influence and trust for the employees are crucial for successful leadership. In traditional way, leaders who had voice and point of view attracted b people were the successful leaders. Thus, visibility is the key way to influence followers, through which they becomes motivated towards their job roles. Crafting the plan, being intentional and consistent increases visibility, this leads to more than simple recognition and acts as fuel in the whole career. Spisak et al., (2014) claimed that exceptional leaders are seen, not just heard. One of the reasons behind leaders failure nowadays is their busy schedule to be visible to their employees. Impressive and effective leaders always identify that the people in the organization makes the organization successful.One of the key ways to influence the followers is to be with them. In many cases, employees are faithful to the company due to their loyalty towards their leaders, who attempts to be one of them, by b eing visible to them at every step towards their organizational goal and success. Being seen doesnt need to have an agenda - a friendly hello is sometimes all that is needed to represent the attribute of a successful leader. On the other hand, credibility is another trait for leaders, which promote leaders to respect others, avoid manipulating or humiliating anyone publicly. These leaders know that respect is the key factor for acquiring loyalty and respect from the fellow employees. Credibility also makes people transparent with their performance and has no hidden agendas. Credible leaders are consistantly learning for expanding their knowledge and expertise. Credibility also improve their potency an understanding their field of expertise. Moreover, credibility improves the communication skills of the leader, which improves the interpersonal communication within the employees and the leader. Credible leaders are entirely responsible for their actions and decisions (Kouzes Posner, 2011).Additionally, credible leaders accept their mistakes positively and attempt to amend accordingly for improving the weaknesses or mistakes in future. Credible leaders are fully responsible for their performance and decisi ons.They are supportive and care about people, which help to gain their reciprocal loyalty. Credible leaders admit that people are more engaged and committed when they are trusted by their leaders. Therefore, credibility is a significant attribute to make their followers loyal to them. Regarding the personality traits of a leader, the trait theory of leadership can be demonstrated. It shows an early assumption, which depicts that why some people are good leaders and others are not. This theory often identifiesbehavioural characteristicsthat are common in leaders. This theory has been established upon the characteristics of both successful and unsuccessful leaders, which helps to predict the effectiveness of leadership. The list of traits identified by the theorist is compared to those of potential leaders for assessing their likelihood of success or failure. The common leadership traits identified in the theory are Initiative, Tenacity, Flexibility, Energy, Creativity, Emotional intelligence, Confidence, Drive and motivation to succeed, Good cognitive skills and capable of using good judgement and decisions and Honesty and integrity (Northouse, 2012). In this context, the above discussed leadership traits i.e. power/ confidence, influence/visibility and credibility have already been identified as the key leadership traits of a competent leader. For instance, the energy indicates the role of power, self confidence indicate the role of self esteem and assurance in leadership. On the other hand the role of credibility and visibility are also demonstrated as driving motivation, decision making and judgement skills. From both the literatures and the theoretical background of leadership traits, it has been revealed that to be a successful and potential leader the self confidence and emotional stability are required as a crucial manner. Thus, I need to improve my emotional stability s well as self confidence for becoming an efficient leader in my near future career. It would help to build up credibility and flexibility towards the fellow employees, thereby providing the opportunity to build on loyal employees (Gardner Laskin, 2011). However, several steps are needed to be undertaken for improving these leadership traits, which would specifically improve the professional career path. Conclusion and Action plan Goals (SMART) Activities Time frame To improve emotional intelligence It is specific because it is specifically focusing upon a particular leadership trait. It is measurable through evaluating the activity outcomes after the completion of time frame. It is attainable through leaders compliance to the activities. It is reliable as it would improve the overall leadership skill. It is time specific as activities would be finished within given period of time Short course- self regulation training. Within this course, Reduce stressful situations, Embrace emotions, Practice connecting thoughts with emotions, Controlling non-verbal communication, Demonstrate humility and humour, Thinking before act and taking responsibility would be taught, for strengthening the emotional stability of the leader (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2013) Reading plan- seeking help from supervisor regarding understanding of ways for improving emotional activities Journals- With the help of supervisor an seniors, a proper literature review can be done for improving knowledge regarding the emotional stability improvement Short course- 3 months Reading plan- 1 month Journals- 1 months To enhance self confidence It is specific because it is specifically focusing upon a self confidence specifically. Measurable through evaluating the activity outcomes. It is attainable by gathering more knowledge on leadership. It is reliable as it would make the leader efficient. It is time specific as the activities and courses would be finished within specific time period given. Short course- A promotional training for improving self esteem can be helpful in this situation. The more leader practical situations, the more the leader becomes able to deal with difficulties confidently (Raelin, 2011). During this course, network with other leaders can be developed, which would help to take ideas regarding leadership practice; positive results in turn improve self confidence in the leader. In addition, training for developing humour, developing emotional intelligence and developing realistic self awareness are required Reading plan- It is important to learn about leadership to understand confidence and esteem required by a leader. Learning about the frameworks, tools and skills required to lead. The more knowledge is gathered about a subject, including leadership, the more confident the person will be. Designing Self-Collages is also helpful in improving confidence through another trait, creativity (Spillane, 2012) Journals- The person developing self confidence need to build on self awareness, for which journal entry is a good process, which would help to gather significant knowledge regarding the leadership attributes needed to be developed and build self confidence. It would also help to learn optimism and happiness for improving the leadership capability Short course- 4 months Reading plan- 2 month Journals- 1 months References Avey, J. B., Palanski, M. E., Walumbwa, F. O. (2011). When leadership goes unnoticed: The moderating role of follower self-esteem on the relationship between ethical leadership and follower behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(4), 573-582. Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G. (2012). Implications of dispositional and process views of traits for individual difference research in leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(4), 651-669. Gardner, H., Laskin, E. (2011). Leading minds: An anatomy of leadership. Basic Books. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., McKee, A. (2013). Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Kouzes, J. M., Posner, B. Z. (2011). Credibility: How leaders gain and lose it, why people demand it (Vol. 244). John Wiley Sons. Northouse, P. G. (2012). Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage. Raelin, J. (2011). From leadership-as-practice to leaderful practice. Leadership, 7(2), 195-211. Rego, A., Sousa, F., Marques, C., e Cunha, M. P. (2012). Authentic leadership promoting employees' psychological capital and creativity. Journal of Business Research, 65(3), 429-437. Schafer, J. A. (2013). Effective leadership in policing: successful traits and habits. Carolina Academic Press. Spillane, J. P. (2012). Distributed leadership (Vol. 4). John Wiley Sons. Spisak, B. R., Blaker, N. M., Lefevre, C. E., Moore, F. R., Krebbers, K. F. (2014). A face for all seasons: searching for context-specific leadership traits and discovering a general preference for perceived health. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8, 792 Tierney, P., Farmer, S. M. (2011). Creative self-efficacy development and creative performance over time. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(2), 277.